644

INDEX 17; of communes, 347, 363, 494; papal, 469; of Edward III, 513; de- feats of feudal armies, 488, 499, 514; French, 527-29, 623, 629, 636, 639; Mongol, 550-51; Turkish, 554; Florentine, 590; imperial, 615 ; Swiss, 621, 638; Spanish, 631; and see Knights, Mercenaries Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, I93~94 Arnulf, King of the East Franks, 227, 261-62 Arras, 364, 366; Treaty of, 529 Art, and archaeology, 4; geography and, 12; Roman, 62; classical, 423-24; early Christian, 92, 1 12-13, i l6 J early medieval, 125-26; Scandina- vian, 225; medieval, 324-25, 33 2 , 339, 369, 397, 434, 474, 482, 515, 521; Renaissance, 576, 587, 591, 597-607, 613, 626, 634, 636; and see Architecture, Painting, Sculpture. Greek, Byzantine Artevelde, Jacob van, 512-13, 521 Artevelde, Philip van, 524 Arthur, King, 406-07 Arthur, nephew of King John of Eng- land, 457 Arthurian romances, 406-07, 409, 415 Arti, 348; and see Gilds Artillery, 623 Artisans, revolts of Flemish, 498-99, 524, 618; and see Gilds Artois, 364, 488, 497, 501, 525, 616, 626, 634 Aryans, 10, 21, 42; and see Indo- Europeans Asceticism, Neo-Platonic, 65; early Christian, 100, 109-12, 154; of St. Louis, 495; and see Monasticism Asia and Asiatics, 15, 34, 55~56, 58- 60, 71, 109, 114, 149, 151, 189-90, 216, 228, 233, 301, 309, 315, 548, 554, 610; Roman province of, 68; relations of western, to eastern Eu- rope, 10-12, 22, 53, 55, 556; medieval penetration of, 393-94, 515, 550; and see Nomads Asia Minor, 19-20, 23, 34, 60-61, 79, 86-87, 150, 177, 190, 309, 311, 313- 18,320-21,324-25,357,405,554,556 Aspar, 86 Assemblies, popular or national, in the ancient city-state, 26; early German, 48; Roman, 60; Frankish, 194, 202; Bavarian, 264; Venetian, 343; in towns of southern France, 357; of Patrimony of St. Peter, 464; English, 479; medieval representa- tive, 488-90; French, 511; German, 536; and see Cortes, Diet, Estates, Parliament Asses, Feast of, 415 Assisi, 448-49 Assizes, 476 Assizes of Jerusalem, 319 Assonanced verse, 402 Assyria, 22 Astrology, 23, 69, 96-97, 102, 106, 183, 384, 387-88, 614 Astronomy, 23, 124, 189, 378-79, 386, 609, 611 Asturias, 273, 304 Ataulf, King of the West Goths, 81-82 Athanaric, 55 Athanasius, in Athens, 36, 65, 79, 92, 134, 211, 380, 558; Duchy of, 466 Athletics, 25, 392, 592 Atlantic, 23, 118, 183, 188, 304-05, 608-09, 612, 633 Atomic theory, 22, 388 Attabi stuffs, '185 Attalus, Roman Emperor, 81-82 Attila, 84-85, 87, 117, 401 Aucassin et Nicolette, 409, 415 Augsburg, 369, 532 Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, 65, chap, vi, 154, 157, 298, 381, 416, 442 Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canter- bury, 164 Augustinian Order and Rule, 96, 298, 45i . , ; ; Augustus, imperial title, 71, 208, 493 Augustus, Caesar, 28, 35, 98 Aurelian, Roman Emperor, 70, 72 Auricular confession, 440, 563 Ausculta fili charissime, 504 Austin canons, see Augustinian Austrasia, 118, 166, 168, 179, 192-94, 261 Austria, 15, 307, .537-40, 542, 553, 568, 615-16, 621, 632, 638 Austria-Hungary, 40, 537 Authorities, trust in, 382-83, 385 Auvergne, 267, 272, 313, 375, 438, 492, 497, 5io Avars, 58, 140, 150-51, 154, 199-200, 227-28; Avarian Mark, 203 Averroes, 385 Avicenna, 385 Avignon, 506, 541, 560-61, 566-67, 575 Avranches, 298 Azores Islands, 314 Azov, Sea of, 229, 550 Baal, worship of, 64 Babylon, 20-22, 70, 103, 184, 336 Babylonia, 176-77 Babylonian Captivity, 560 Bacchus, 392 Bacon, Roger, 388-89, 451, 590