INDEX

The more important passages are indicated by heavy type. Semi-colons denote a change of subject Aachen, 88, 209, 212-13, 271, 39 8 Aargau, 542 Abacus, 375 Abano, see Peter of Abbas, 180 Abbassid dynasty, 180, 184, 198, 309, 549 Abbot, 161-63, 264, 361, 481, 484, 534; and see Monasticism Abd-er- Rahman I, 180 Abd-er- Rahman III, 180, 188-89 Abel, 97 Abelard, 379-83, 396 Absolution, papal, 297; and see In- dulgences Absolutism, 28-30, 70, 131, 187, 199, 209, 459, 469, 49o, 572, chap, xxxiii Abu-Bekr, 180 Abyssinia, 138, 174, 393, 609 Academic degrees, 378, 389 Academic dress, 392 Academy of Plato, 380 Accolade, 252 Acre, 321-23 Adam, 3 Adam of Bremen. 376 Adelard of Bath, 383-84, 388 Adige River, 342 Administration, Roman, 27, 70-71, 256; survives barbarian invasions, 86, 117, 121, 154; influences eccle- siastical organization, 1 14-15; By- zantine, 131, 135; reformed by Jus- tinian, 140-41; Frankish, 203, 205, 256; Flemish municipal, 365; university, 391 ; papal, 434; of Fred- erick II in Sicily, 469-70; Anglo- Norman, 474; Capetian, 491-92, 507-10, 519; in German principali- ties, 615; Spanish, 63 1 Admiralty, courts of, 336 Adolf of Nassau, 538, 541 Adrianople, battle of, 75-76, 80, 88; taken by Turks, 556 Adriatic Sea, 12, 17, 53, 80, 118, 226, 308, 314, 341-43, 345, 353, 442, 583 Advowson, 282 /Egean Sea, 17, 19, 21, 26, 34, 54, 229, 465, 553-54 /Egidius, 88 ^Eneas, 97, 407 JEnea.s Sylvius, see Pope Pius II Mneid, 412 /Eschylus, 21, 24, 65 /Ethiopia, 138 ^thiopic, 407 Aetius, 83-86, 88 Africa, 19, 40, 114, 188-90, 633; cir- cumnavigation of, 15, 394-95, 608- 11; trade with central, 20, 34, 184 Africa, North, 10, 14, 19-20, 23; Roman, 33-36, 39, 66, 68, 75, 79~8i, 83, 86; Christian, 95-96, III; Van- dal, chap, vii, 128; Byzantine, 135- 39, 150, 155, 157; Mohammedan, 178, 180, 182, 188, 190, 209, 216, 226, 229, 298, 302, 313, 328, 357, 376, 633 Africa, of Petrarch, 588 Agesilaus, 21 Agincourt, battle of, 526 Agriculture, Roman, 36-37; monas- tic, 162-63; Scandinavian, 217; manorial, 233-37; of Slavs, 305; medieval, 320, 327, 336, 358, 362, 364, 367-68, 486, 515-16, 631 Aidan, 166 Aimeri, Viscount of Thouars, 508 Aistulf, King of the Lombards, 196- 97 Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aachen Alamanni, 75, 79, 88-90, 119, 122, 136, 166-67, 194, 213 Alamannia, 212; and see Suabia Alani, 75~77, 79, 81, 91, "7 Alaric I, King of the West Goths, 79- 82, 92, 95, 112, 115, 122, 291 Alaric II, 122 Alava, 304 Alba, 404 Albania, 151, 554 Albert the Bear, Margrave of Bran- denburg, 305 Albert I, of Austria, Holy Roman Em- peror, 538 Albert II, 540, 571 Alberti, Leon Battista, 599 Albertus Magnus, 385-86, 451 Albi, 442