THE STUDY OF HISTORY 5

numerous savage peoples still to-day existent in many parts of the world, find a splendid opportunity to observe not only varying physical types, but all sorts of primitive customs, religious rites, and mental attitudes. Among such tribes they can compare varying gradations of civilization and savagery, which in other parts of the globe disappeared very likely many thousands of years since, and they may detect there the germs of some of our present-day institu- tions, or note in our society silly survivals from those savage days. Thus anthropology and archaeology are both depart- ments of history in the broad sense. Human activity and hence history may be conveniently subdivided under five captions: political, economic, so- cial, religious, and cultural. Political history, of Historical course, covers wars and the affairs of kings and cate s ones of other forms of government, also legal development. Eco- nomic history traces the production, distribution, and con- sumption of wealth in the past, the business of the world, its trade, industry, and agriculture. Social history deals with family life, classes, manners and customs, dress, diet, and the like. Subjects such as the rise of the Papacy, or the spread of Mohammedanism, or the Protestant Revolt, be- long primarily to religious history. The history of culture includes the progress of art, literature, learning, and educa- tion, and traces those two supreme products of hand and mind, the fine arts and philosophy. It is evident that these categories are not mutually exclusive. Taxation, for in- stance, is both political and economic. Slavery is both a social and an economic institution. Almost any event would produce effects in more than one of these five fields. Human life is one and all such divisions of it are more or less artifi- cial, but they are also rather helpful. History is sometimes grouped with political science, economics, and sociology, and they are called social sciences in distinction from the natural and mathematical sciences and from linguistic studies. But history may equally well be associated with literature, philosophy, and art. They cannot get along without history, nor can it amount to much if it takes no