xviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

1431-1449 Council of Basel 1435 Death of Duke of Bedford Duke of Burgundy abandons the English alliance Cosimo de' Medici comes into power in Florence 1 435- 1 442 Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily wins the Kingdom of Naples in a struggle with Rene of Anjou 1437 House of Hapsburg becomes practically hereditary in the Holy Roman Empire 1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 1438-1439 Council of Ferrara-Florence 1444 Battle of Varna c 1450 Invention of printing 1 45 1 Francesco Sforza becomes despot of Milan 1452 Last coronation of a Holy Roman Emperor at Rome 1453 Fall of Constantinople Close of the Hundred Years War H55 Wars of the Roses begin 1460 Death of Prince Henry the Navigator 1465 League of the Public Welfare against Louis XI 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile 1477 Death of Charles the Bold; marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian 1478 Novgorod captured by Ivan III of Russia About the same time Russia is freed from the Golden Horde 1485 Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry VII founds the Tudor dy- nasty i486 Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope I 1 492 Discovery of America Conquest of Granada Death of Lorenzo de' Medici 1494 Charles VIII invades Italy 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India Execution of Savonarola 1505 Michelangelo called to Rome 1508 League of Cambray against Venice Raphael comes to Rome 1 513 The Prince of Machiavelli 1 51 5 Battle of Marignano I 1 517 Luther posts his Ninety Five Theses 1 5 19 Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor Death of Leonardo da Vinci