THE WAKINGS. 253

the important cities of the empire, at the time immediately preceding the Latin conquest. 3. The Warings. Among the foreigners who had been longest established in Constantinople in 120i were the Warings, or Varangians. They were kinsmen of our own, and on this account anngsre- *' i r* n latedtoEiig- may be allowed a fuller description than the imme- diate object in hand would justify. Tacitus speaks of "Angli et Yarini,"' the English and the Warings. Both were, in his time, the inhabitants of the country south of the Baltic, or, as it came to be called at a later period, the Waring Sea. When the great movement began which caused the English to emigrate to Britain, some of the Warings took part in it. With them also were others whom Bede speaks of as Kugians or Russians. At a later period the name War- ing and Eussian appears to have been applied indifferently to the same people, the truth possibly being, as the Russian monk Nestor says, that some of the Warings were called Russians. Many traces of Waring emigration into England exist, of which the names of Warwick or Waeringrwick, Warn- ford, and Warington are examples. The record of their his- tory shows them to be closely akin to the English, though whether through the Teutonic or the ]S'orse element of our people may be open to doubt.^ Their appearance was like that of Englishmen or Danes. Their language was virtually the same. Their exploits at sea, their legends, their habits, their very names, all convey the irresistible impression that we are reading of the kinsmen of our ancestors. While the English went westward, tlie Warings spread themselves alono^ the eastern shores of the Baltic Their prog- i i mi i less from ihe or wcut southward. They levied tribute from the Baltic. . , , . ., , . ., neighbonng tribes, and especially from the Slavs. The Dwina and the Dniester were the great highways for 1 " Germania," vii. c. 40. = " Hist. Eccles." ii. 9. ' Professor Rafn, iu his "Antiquit6s Russes et Orientalcs," maintains that they were Norsemen. " Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries," vols. 1850-52.