JUSTICE AND CBIME

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The matriculated students included 2,796 women. In addition there were 10,129 non-matriculated students (8,080 men and 2,049 women). The total number of students was thus 64,508.

In four universities, namely, Freiburg, Miinchen, Miinster, and Wiirzburg, the faculties of theology are Roman Catholic ; four are mixed, both Pro- testant and Roman Catholic— Bonn, Breslau, Strassburg, and Tubingen ; and the remaining thirteen are Protestant.

Justice and Crime.

A uniform system of law courts exists throughout the Empire, though, with the exception of the Reichsgericht, all courts are directly subject to the Government of the special State in which they exercise jurisdiction, and not to the Imperial Government, The appointment of the judges is also a State and not an Imperial function. The Empire enjoys uniform codes of commercial and criminal law.

The lowest courts of first instance are the Amtsgerichte, each with one or more judges, competent to try petty civil and criminal cases. The Land- gerichte exercise a revising jurisdiction over the Amtsgerichte, and also a more extensive original jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases, divorce cases, &c. In the criminal chamber five judges sit, and a majority of four votes is required for a conviction. But in the courts with appellate jurisdiction only three judges sit. Jury courts [Schwurgerichte) are also held periodically, in which three judges preside ; the jury are twelve in number. The first court of second instance is the Oberlandesgericht. In its criminal senate, which also has an original jurisdiction in serious cases, the number of the judges is seven. There are twenty-nine such courts in the Empire. The total number of judges on the bench in all the courts above mentioned is 9,974, In Bavaria alone there is an Oberstes Landesgericht, with 22 judges, with a revising jurisdiction over the Bavarian Oberlandesgerichte. The supreme court is the Reichsgericht, whish sits at Leipzig. The judges, 100 in number, are appointed by the Emperor on the advice of the Bundesrat. The court exercises an appellate jurisdiction over all inferior courts, and also an original jurisdiction in cases of treason. It has 5 criminal and 7 civil senates.

The following table shows the number of criminal cases tried before the courts of first instance, with the number and sex of convicted persons, and the number of the latter per 10,000 of the civil population over twelve years of age : —

Cases tried

Persons convicted

(Conviction

Year

Total

per 10,000 inhabitants

Amtsger

Landger

Males

Females

1906

1,309,927

83,337

451,137

82,630

533,767

1252

1907

1,291,802

81,141

449,227

81,496

530,723

122-2

1908

1,327,331

85,734

462,745

85,665

548,410

124-0

1909

1,337,239

85,457

458,304

85,879

544,183

120-8

1910

1,337,242

87,369

459,492

86,926

546,418

119-1

Of the persons convicted in 1906, 55,277 ; 1907, 54,113 ; 1908, 54,693 ; 1909 49,697 ; 1910, 51,325 were under eighteen years of age ; and in 1906, 234,443 ; 1907, 235,257 ; 1908, 246,091 : 1909, 249,737 ; 1910, 247,480 had been previously convicted. In 1911, 552,556 persons were convicted of whom 50,838 were juveniles.

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