856

GERMAN EMPIRE

The laws of the Empire, passed by the Bundesrat and the Reichstag, to take eflect must be promulgated by the Emperor, and the promulgation, like all other official acts of the Emperor, requires the counter-signature of the Chancellor of the Empire. All the members of the Bundesrat have the right to be present at the deliberations of the Reichstag.

The following are the imperial authorities or Secretaries of State : they do not form a Ministry or Cabinet, but act independently of each other, under the general supervision of the Chancellor.

1. Chancello?' of the Empire. — Dr. von Bethmann-Eollweg.

2. Secretary for Foreign Affairs. — Hqyy yon Jag ow.

3. Imperial Home Offlce and ^Representative of the Chancellor.' — Delbriick.

4. Imperial Admiralty. — Herr von Tirpitz. Admiral Commanding -in- Chief. — ffeinrich. Prince of Prussia.

5. Imperial Secretary of Justice. — Herr Dr. Lisco.

6. Imperial Treasury. — Herr Kiihn.

7. Imperial Post- Office. — Kevv Xraetke.

8. Secretary for the Colonies — Herr Dr.vS'oZ/.

And, in addition, the following presidents of imperial bureaus : —

9. Pail ways. — Herr JVackerzapp.

10. Imperial Exchequer. — Herr von Magdebtcrg.

11. Imperial Bank. — President, Herr Havendein.

12. Imperial Debt Commission. — Herr Kilhn.

13. Administration of Imperial Raihvays. — Herr von Breitenbach.

14. Imperial Court Martial. — General der Infanterie von Linde-Suden. Acting under the direction of the Chancellor of the Empire, the Bundes- rat represents also a supreme administrative and consultative board, and as such has twelve standing committees — namely, for army and fortifications; for naval matters ; tariff, excise, and taxes ; trade and commerce ; railways, posts, and telegraphs ; civil and criminal law ; financial accounts ; foreign atlairs ; for Alsace-Lorraine ; for the Constitution ; for the Standing orders ; and for railway tariffs. Each committee consists of representatives of at least four States of the Empire ; but the foreign affairs committee includes only the representatives of Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, and two other represen- tatives to be elected every year.

Area and Population.

I. Progress and Present Conditions. The following table gives the area and population of the twenty-five States of Germany in the order of their magnitude, and of the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine, as returneil at the census of Dec. 1, 1910 : —

Area

Population Dec. 1, 1910

Pop.

States of the Empire

English sq. miles

per sq.

mile 1910

Jlale.

Female.

Total 40,165,219

Prussia

134,616

19,847,725

20,317,494

224-0

Bavaria

29,292

3,379,580

3,507,711

6,887,291

234-4

Wiirttemberg

7,534

1,192,392

1,245,182

2,437,574

323-2

Baden .

5,823

1,059,579

1,083,254

2,142,833

367-9

Saxony, Kingdom of

5,789

2,323,903

2,482,758

4,806,661

829-5

Mecklenburg-Schw.

5,068

317,964

321,994

639,958

126-2

Hesse .

2,966

639,198

642,853

1,282,051

439-0

Oldenburg .

2,482

244,018

239,024

483,042

194-3

Brunswick .

1,418

242,783

251,556

494,339

348-6

S'x'ny, Gd. Duchy of

1,397

204,375

212,774

417,149

298-6