JUSTICE AND CEIME 131

The followiug statistics are for March, 1911 : —

Institutions for

Scholars

Males

174

5,862 108,144

5,236 37,838

Females

Males

Females

Colleges

General education :

Secondary

Primary . Special education :

Training and other schools Private Institutions .

spec

al

11

656 12,027

582 1,762

31,073

819,226 3,936,419

143,366 551,135

374

81,294 689,471

31,497 70,917

Total .

157,254

15,038

5,481,219

873,553

Grand Total

172

292

6,354,772

Of the total number of educational institutions in India (viz. 172,292), 33,189 are public, 81,116 are aided, and 57,957 are private and unaided.

Notwithstanding the recent great progress of education, the proportion able to read and write is still very small. In British India only 28*1 per cent, of the boys of a school-going age attend school ; and of girls 4*6.

During 1910 the following vernacular newspapers were published : in Eastern Bengal and Assam, 53 ; Baluchistan, 1 ; Baroda, 30 ; Bengal, 200 ; Bombay, 334 ; Burma, 31 ; Central India, 9 ; Central Provinces and Berar, 31 ; Madras, Mysore, and Haidarabad, 289 ; United Provinces, 220 ; Punjab, 209 ; Rajputana, 8 ; total, 1,416. They were published in the following languages or dialects : — Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Uriya, Kanarese, Sindhi, Sanskrit, Burmese, Chinese, Urdu, Persian, Gujrathi, Marathi, Karen, Pwo-Karen, Sagau-Ivaren, Tamil, Telegu, Malayalam, Arabic, Hindustani, Khasi, Ajiuer-Mervvaia, and Gurmukhi. In 1909-10 there were in India 2,736 printing presses at work, 726 newspapers were published, 2,829 periodicals, and 12,046 books, of which 9,934 were in Indian languages.

Justice and Crime.

The Presidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Bengal, and also the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh have each a supreme high court, with an appeal to the Privy Council in England. The Punjab has a chief court, with six judges ; the Central Provinces and Berar, Oudh, North- West Frontier Province, Coorg, and Sind have judicial commissioners. Burma has a judicial commissioner and a chief court. For Assam, and Bihar and Orissa the high court of Calcutta is the highest judicial authority.

The number of officers exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction on December 31, 1910, was as follows : —

Courts

Civil

Criminal

Total

Provincial

District ....

Subordinate

121

652

1,510

170

911

5,563

297 1,563 7,073

Total .

. ; 2,283

6,650

8, ',133

K 2