INDUSTRY

1223

fortunes of the State, and 783,987^. other revenues. The chief items of expenditure are : government, 117,378^. ; justices and prisons, 205,667^. ; military affairs, 487,157Z. ; civil administration, 541,044/. ; religion and education, 687,202Z. ; communications, 1,836,724Z. ; public debt, 338,947^. ; construction of railways, 528,426/. ; commerce and industries, 266,632/. ; agriculture, 281,699/. ; pensions and grants, 212,435/. &c.

On January 1, 1911, the public liabilities of the Graud Duchy, contracted entirely for railways, amounted to 7,053,539/.

Industry.

The land was divided in 1901 into 271,154 farms, and the landed property was distributed as follows : — Less than 3 hectares cultivated, number of farms, 106,462 ; f\j hectares, farms 78,778 ; ^|- hectares, farms 56,790 ; ^^% hectares, farms 27,269 : over 100 hectares, farms 1,855.

The crop of 1910 was in hectolitres :— Wheat, 43,738 (1910); rye, 4,350,000 (1911, 3,577,800); harley, 2,380,000 (1911, 2,336,700); oats, 9,380,000 (1911, 7,979,100); potatoes, 8,270,000 (1911, 7,996,100); flax and hemp, 22,910 (1910).

Of domestic animals Finland had in the country at the end of 1910 : — Horses, 3 years of age, 289,558 ; horned cattle, 2 years of age, 1,138,800.

The crown forests cover January, 1912, 12,570,000 hectares. Their maintenance cost (1911) 5,066,905 marks, and the income derived from them was 13,694,479 marks. In 1909 there were 162 saw mills with water motors and 506 steam and 59 motor mills. They give occupation to 23,595 workers, and their aggregate production was 3,615,000 cubic metres of timber, as against 2,809,000 cubic metres in 1900.

The annual produce of pig-iron and iron, in metric tons, for five years was : —

Years

Ore

Pig-iron

Bar Iron

1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

35,820

33,108

9,393

5,008

5,193

15,866 15,100 11,712

8,579 8,288

22,531 23,186 19,760 21,756 33,409

Finland had in 1910, 4,040 large manufactures, employing an aggregate of 92,928 workers, and yielding an aggregate product (exclusive of flour mills) of 626,655,300 marks (250,662,120/.). The chief were :—

—

No. of

Establishments

No. of Workers

Production

Iron and mechanical works Textiles .... Wood industries Distilleries and breweries Paper .

Leather .... Chemicals .... Graphic arts . Tobacco .... Electricity, gas and water

142 94

626 92

120 58 37

144 25 47

10,800

13,375

28,354

1,301

11,871

2,341

1,007

3,371

3,777

1,082

Marks

49,075,000

68,403,100

141,334,700

10,923,300

91,659,700

25,142,700

3,687,200

12,096,800

23,035,100

6,677,500