REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

Estimates of Expenditure for 18G9.

3 6 7

Ordinary expenses : —

Roubles

Public debt

76,097,805

Superior institutions of the State .

1,765,949

Holy Synod .......

7,997,268

Ministry of the imperial household

8,881,886

„ foreign affairs ....

2,239,066

„ war ......

136,774,118

,, marine .....

17,141,078

,, finances .....

53,773,712

,, imperial domains

5,058,165

,, the interior

20,653,901

,, public instruction

9,281,220

,, public works ....

16,440,396

„ justice .....

8,885,481

Audit of the empire .....

1,873,785

General direction of studs ....

650,723

Expenses of Poland not comprised in the

budgets of the ministries of the empire .

11,470,639

Expenses of the Trans-Caucasus . Total of ordinary expenses .

6,727,441

385,712.623

Extraordinary Expenses : —

£52,837,346

Anticipated deficit in receipts

3,000,000

Special expenses (' depenses d'ordre ') .

15,804,496

Temporary extraordinary expenditure for the

construction of railways, and of the ports of

Odessa and Riga ..... Total of ordinary and extraordinary

31,123,303

expenses, net .

435,640,422

£59,676,773

Cost of collection of revenue Total gross expenditure

6,361,505

£66,038,278

The budget for 1870 differed but slightly from that for 18G9, the expenditure being set down at almost exactly the same amount, while the estimates of revenue showed an increase of 4,210,000 roubles, or about 600,000^.

Although the estimates of revenue and expenditure are always nearly balanced, there has been no financial period during the last forty years without a large deficit. These deficits were covered either by sums withdrawn from banks and other institutions under Govern- ment, or by the issue of paper money, or by loans contracted abroad. It was from the year 1840 that the Russian Government became a

regular borrower of foreign capital, continuing to this day to make