CHAPTER IV.

SURVIVAL IN CULTURE (continued). PAGE

Occult Sciences — Magical powers attributed by higher to lower races — Magical processes based on Association of Ideas — Omens — Augury, &c. — Oneiromancy — Haruspication, Scapulimancy, Chiromancy, &c. — Cartomancy, &c. — Rhabdomancy, Dactyliomancy, Coscinomancy, &c. — Astrology — Intellectual conditions accounting for the persistence of Magic — Survival passes into Revival — Witchcraft, originating in savage culture, continues in barbaric civilization; its decline in early mediæval Europe followed by revival; its practices and counter-practices belong to earlier culture — Spiritualism has its source in early stages of culture, in close connexion with witchcraft — Spirit-rapping and Spirit-writing — Rising in the air — Performances of tied mediums — Practical bearing of the study of Survival

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CHAPTER V.

EMOTIONAL AND IMITATIVE LANGUAGE.

Element of directly expressive Sound in Language — Test by independent correspondence in distinct languages — Constituent processes of Language — Gesture — Expression of feature, &c. — Emotional Tone — Articulate sounds, vowels determined by musical quality and pitch, consonants — Emphasis and Accent — Phrase-melody, Recitative — Sound-words — Interjections Calls to Animals — Emotional Cries — Sense-words formed from Interjections — Affirmative and Negative particles, &c.

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CHAPTER VI.

EMOTIONAL AND IMITATIVE LANGUAGE (continued}.

Imitative Words — Human actions named from sound — Animals' names from cries, &c. — Musical Instruments — Sounds reproduced — Words modified to adapt sound to sense — Reduplication — Graduation of vowels to express distance and difference — Children's Language — Sound-words as related to Sense-words — Language an original product of the lower Culture

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CHAPTER VII.

THE ART OF COUNTING.

Ideas of Number derived from experience — State of Arithmetic among uncivilized races — Small extent of Numeral-words among low tribes — Counting by fingers and toes — Hand-numerals show derivation of Verbal reckoning from Gesture-counting — Etymology of Numerals — Quinary, Decimal, and Vigesimal notations of the world derived from counting on fingers and toes — Adoption of foreign Numeral-words — Evidence of development of Arithmetic from a low original level of Culture

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