M. CARRIERS, DIE REFORMATIONSZEIT. 451

of Time to the Emotive Faculty, with the apparent consequence of referring Arithmetic and Algebra to the Feelings or Emotions. W. H. S. MONCK. Die pliilosopliische Weltanschauung der Reformat ionszeit in ihren Beziehungen zar Gegemvart. Von MORIZ CARRIERE. Zweite vermehrte Auflage. 2 Theile. Leipzig : F. A. Brockhaus, 1887. Pp. xi., 419 ; vii., 319. Even more now than when it was first published, forty years since, Prof. Carriere's classical work on the philosophical ideas of the Kenaissance or " Eeformation-time " appeals to the need that is felt for the kind of renewal which he has himself described, by a phrase adapted from Machiavelli, as a " bringing back of philosophy towards its origin ". Along with the increasing specialisation of the present century there has been a rising desire, as Prof. Carriere shows, to attain again that largeness of outlook which has characterised the beginning of each intellectual epoch and which specialisation by itself tends to destroy. The philosophical ideas that within the properly modern period have been developed in different and sometimes conflicting directions, are all present, he contends, " in germinal totality," in the philo- sophy of the transitional period from the middle of the 15th to the middle of the 17th century. In Giordano Bruno, the supreme philosophical expression of that period, we may rediscover a view of the world as a whole which was lost in the dispersion of thought during the 17th and 18th centuries, but which could not have been fully understood till the various elements combined in its original unity had been worked out in their separateness. The systems of Spinoza, of Leibniz and of Hegel are all develop- ments of that which is contained implicitly in Bruno. With the theory of things that Bruno attained by poetic vision, but left to others to develop dialectically, the mystical doctrine of Jacob Bohme who represents the freer spirit of the German Beforma- tion as Bruno sums up the Italian Renaissance on its philoso- phical side is in essential agreement. It is not necessary to go as far as Prof. Carriere in seeking at the opening of the history of modern philosophy an anticipation of a final doctrine, in order to recognise the justification of his point of view. Whether Bruno's writings in particular have had any positive influence or not, they have undoubtedly the charac- ter that is claimed for them of anticipating many theories of later science and philosophy. And Bruno is most important in relation to the present where he is most the representative of his age. Penetrated, as Prof. Carriere says, with the spirit of the classical writers and thinkers, he sought to form out of the fragments of ancient thought and the beginnings of modern .science a system opposed at all points to Scholasticism or