NEW BOOKS. 147

the Reformation ; (9) The Ethics of the Reformers ; (10) The Ethics of the Protestant Church ; (11) From the Anabaptists to Pietism ; (12) Jesuitism. The author expresses the hope that the greater attention given to applied ethics and to the reciprocal influence of ethical philosophy and actual morality may make the volume a supplement to Jodl's exposition, confined more to principles, in the Geschichte der Ethik in der neuern Philosophic. His general view, only briefly indicated, for the purpose of this volume, as of the first, is not criticism but history, is that recent historians have done something more than justice to the Middle Ages and something less than justice to Humanism. The second volume, as has been said, is not uniform with the first on the ethics of the Greeks and Romans, which has, for example, very copious and detailed notes and references (pp. 249-342), while in the new volume the notes are comparatively few ; but the differ- ence of treatment was from the outset part of the author's plan. The view of the history of ethics in the light of general history is a feature of both volumes ; but the first is much more exclusively concerned with philo- sophical ethics than the second. The author is here, as he acknowledges, in closer contact with the sources. One of the merits of his work is the combination of full and accurate detail with great clearness of outline and directness of movement. The exposition of general philosophical tenets is brief but sufficient for the understanding of the ethical systems. The author follows Zeller (to whom the book is dedicated), but with indepen- dence of judgment. Points on which he especially insists are (1) that the ancient ethical systems are all " realistic," in the sense that they were all founded on some natural impulse of man, arid never, even when most apparently ascetic, became like Christian ethics the assertion of an external rule in contradiction to human nature as a whole ; and (2) that " measure and harmony," being characteristic of the Greek national conception of virtue, find expression in every Greek ethical system. With " realism " or "naturalism" goes " intellectualism," the placing of insight first among the virtues. From the typical Greek conception of KaoK.aya6ia it resulted that " the aesthetic moment" was an element in all the ancient ethical systems, so far as they were not modified on Roman soil, including even Neo-Platonism. That the modern world has lost this conception is partly due to an advance in insight, and marks the gain of a new distinction ; partly it is a realloss the loss of the whole "aesthetic moment" from ethics. Again, so long as Greek freedom remained, there was an intimate union of ethics with politics ; and (as is indicated in the Second volume) what the moderns have to learn more and more from the history of Greek ethics is the necessity of " the political moment " the reference to the State in any complete morality. Entivicklung und Gliickseligkeit. Ethische Essays von B. CARNERI. Stutt- gart : E. Schweizerbart (E. Koch), 1886. Pp. 469. Although these essays and reviews are not exclusively ethical in subject, the title is justified not only by the large space devoted to the discussion of questions of ethical philosophy, but also by the relation in which the dis- cussion of theoretical questions stands to the author's ethical doctrine. The term " ethics " itself he uses in an extended meaning, comprising under it not only " morals in the narrower sense " but every application that can be made of " the philosophical sciences " to the guidance and perfecting of human life. He finds himself in general agreement with Mr. Leslie Stephen, whose Science of Ethics, as well as English Thought in the 18th Century, he enthusiastically reviews (xxiii., xxiv.). His own doctrine, however, is not without distinctive features ; the most important divergence from Mr. Stephen being in the view taken of the respective functions of