PHILOSOPHICAL PEEIODICALS. 143

movement, and upon central motor excitations following bodily exertion. Bad influence on capacity of apprehension (?) and the learning by heart of columns of figures : good influence on the learning of nonsense syllables, upon learning by heart under distraction, and upon the rapidity of speech during learning of syllables. General effect : removal of internal, unpleasantly toned inhibitions.] E. Roemer. 'Beitrag zur Bestimmung Zusammengesetzten Ileactionszeiten.' [New apparatus, simplified for psychiatrical purposes. Choice and word reactions.] G. Aschaffenburg. 'Praktische Arbeit unter Alkoholwirkung.' [Experi- ments with compositors. A moderate amount of alcohol decreases work-power, on the average (8 expts.) by 15 per cent. ; fatigue decreases it by 6'5 per cent. The amount taken made no qualitative difference.] W. H. R Rivers und E. Kraepelin. ' Ueber Ermiidung und Erholung.' [Experiments with addition. With half-hour work-spells, a rest of the same or even double the time suffices to restore full vigour once only ; afterwards capacity rapidly decreases. ' Spurt ' (Antrieb) is most obvious at beginning and end ; it depends on personal factors ; its relaxation indicates ennui. Capacity of practice is not dependent on capacity of work ; it must be determined for itself, with constant errors eliminated, and then serves as a measure of fatigue, etc. Errors of thought are due to inattention ; errors of pen to rapidity of work, impatience, inattention. There are many states of mind which are reliably indicated by the results of experiments such as these.] E. Kraepelin. ' Vorwort.' [To first volume.] PHILOSOPHISCHES JAHRBUCH. Bd. ix., Heft 4. Prof. Schutz. ' Der Hypnotismus.' (Fortsetzung.) [The writer goes into the details of the effects of hypnotism upon the imagination, the memory, the reason and the will, illustrating his statements by numerous examples.] Prof. TJebinger. ' Die Mathematischen Schriften des Nik. Cusanus.' (Fort- setzung.) [This paper gives a summary of De Mathematices Complementis, and examines the question whether two tractates ascribed to Cusanus are really his.] Dr. Bach. ' Zur Geschichte der Schatzung der lebenden Krafte.' [This, the first of several articles, is a historical review of the discussions between mathematicians and natural philosophers in the last three centuries as concerns gravitation, atoms, and the nature of matter and force.] Dr. Geyser. ' Die Philosophischen Begriffe von Buhe und Bewegung in der Korper welt.' [An attempt at an explanation of rest and of movement in terms of Scholastic Philosophy.] VAPROSI PHILOSOPHII i PSYCHOLOGII. May, 1896. N. A. Iwantsoff. ' On the Fundamental Principle of the Beautiful.' [Comparing ideal with physical beauty, the author places the latter on a much lower level.] W. J. Gerrie. 'Herder's Philosophy of History' (concluded). [Herder's system was not teleological, but anthropocentric. Human progress is the result of the general laws of the universe, but becomes a conscious fact only by ethical law.] S. N. Trubeckoy. ' The Prin- ciples of Idealism ' (continued). [Faith in the absolute reality of the external world and of matter cannot stand against philosophical criticism ; yet Being is concrete, and, as such, may be the subject of objective faith.] W. Goltser. 'On Strachoff, as an aesthetic critic.' [Both Strachoff and his master, Gregorieff, are severely judged.] W. T. Tshizh. 'Why our Ideas of Space and Time are not subject to Change.' [The purpose of this article is to show that physiological psychology confirms Kant's views on the matter.] D. Konissi. ' The Book of Respect to Parents.' [A trans- lation of Confucius' well-known work.] Baron D. Hincburg. ' The Mystical Philosophy of the Jews in the Cabala.' [A literary and histori- cal sketch of the evolution of Cabalistic literature.] N. D. VinogradofF. ' Psycho-physiological Researches on Microscopical Organisms.' [The author uses Verworn and Binet's investigations on these organisms to

decide certain fundamental questions of biology and psychology.]