WEAKNESS OF THE MOGHUL EMPIRE 61

the Hindu population; but he had, in fact, weakened his empire by extending it; for the new southern prov- inces could not be effectively managed at a distance from the central authority, and the Hindus were not only provoked by his aggressive Mohammedan ortho- doxy, but encouraged by his utter inability to control them. The Moghul government, moreover, had never paid much attention to its sea frontier, being quite unaccus- tomed to expect foreign enemies or intruders from any other quarter than the northwest, through the Afghan passes. The only naval force on the Indian coast be- longed to the Siddhis, an independent Abyssinian col- ony, whose chiefs occasionally placed their fleet at the disposal of Aurangzib for employment on the west side of the Indian peninsula. To these causes and favouring circumstances, there- fore, to the incipient decline of the central sovereignty, to the relaxation of imperial authority on the outskirts of the dominion, and especially to the commotion caused by the spread of the Hindu rebellion under energetic Maratha leaders, we may attribute the facility with which the English made good their foothold on the shores of India toward the close of the seventeenth century. It is important, moreover, to remember that at the time when the mistakes and troubles of the Moghul empire were opening the gates of India to access from the sea, there set in an era of war in Europe which for many years disabled or diverted the resources of Eng-