THE POSITION OF AFGHANISTAN 483

A very curious historic parallel might be drawn, if space allowed, by comparing the existing position of Afghanistan between the Anglo-Indian and the Russian empires with the position of Armenia between the Roman and the Parthian empires during the first two centuries of the Christian era. The Armenian ruler held the mountainous country and the passes between Europe and Asia; his kingdom was the barrier between the territories of two great military states; it was an essential point in the frontier policy of Rome to main- tain her influence over the ruler, and her protection over his country. The Armenian chiefs leant alter- nately toward Rome and toward Parthia; they tried to save their independence by maintaining the balance; but whenever they allied themselves with Parthia, they were attacked by Rome, precisely as the Afghan Amir was attacked by England in 1879, when he made a treaty with Russia. Armenia, like Afghanistan, owed all its importance, not to its intrinsic strength, for it was weak and barbarous, but to its geographical situ- ation; and the history of its relations with Rome of the setting up and pulling down of client kings, and of the efforts of the Romans to maintain exclusive con- trol over its government without occupying its territory must remind one very forcibly of the English connec- tion with Afghanistan. That connection represents the broadest develop- ment of the protectorate system; and its efficacy may before long be brought to a decisive test. The demarca- tion of the western Afghan frontier by a joint com-