468 INDIA UNDER THE CROWN

singularities and local traditions, its complexity ^Yas further increased by the importation of an exotic legal procedure. Yet government by a clear and scientific body of laws, binding upon the authorities and appro- priate to the circumstances of the people, is the only real security for the progress and prosperity of a coun- try; so that it was essential to mould this mass of heterogeneous sections and rulings into some compact and intelligible shape. The problem was to simplify and generalize the civil law and procedure, and to enact large principles of equity and morality, with the least possible disturbance of the practices, prejudices, and organic institutions of Indian society. Under the direction of Sir Henry Maine, a jurist whose insight into the forms and ideas of early civiliza- tions admirably fitted him for the task, the solution of this problem was initiated. When, in 1862, he assumed charge of the legislative department of the Indian government, the two great Acts codifying the Penal Law and procedure had already been passed; but the subject of civil or domestic legislation was much more complicated. It is obvious, for example, that questions touching marriage and inheritance lie at the base of every society, being related to fundamental interests and affecting very delicate susceptibilities; so that any interposition by foreign legislators must be exercised with the utmost caution. In India the rules which pre- side over family life and the distribution of property are intermixed with and dependent upon religious ritual, worships, and beliefs; their diversity and multi-