DISASTROUS OUTCOME OF THE EXPEDITION 403

But the attempt to raise a kind of standing army for the Amir stirred up fatal jealousies among all the powerful chiefs of the Afghan clans, who, like feudal nobles and free folk everywhere, defer to a king, but detest a master. Disaffection grew and spread, until, in 1841, partial revolts and local risings culminated in universal insurrection. The supplies of the English troops ran short; they had been wearied out by inces- sant skirmishing; they were under an incapable com- mander; their outposts were besieged or cut off; and Macnaghten, hoping vainly for a turn of fortune, de- layed evacuation of Kabul until the winter had set in. Then, when retreat became inevitable, a series of in- conceivable blunders led to the destruction of the whole British force in their passage through the defiles be- tween Kabul and Jalalabad. Nevertheless, the fort at the latter place was gallantly held until it was relieved, in the autumn of 1842, by General Pollock, who marched up to Kabul and re-occupied the city; while at Kan- dahar General Nott baffled all the attempts of the Afghans to dislodge him. But in 1841 the Whig ministry, who were the au- thors of the policy of intervention in Afghanistan, had been displaced, and early in 1842 Lord Ellenborough succeeded Lord Auckland as Governor-General. He issued orders at once for the withdrawal of all British troops from Kandahar and Jalalabad; nor would the British government have escaped the discredit of a hasty and somewhat dishonourable retirement if the military commanders had not taken upon themselves