224 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

English treasury. Instead of taking tribute or bor- rowing at easy rates, the British government was actu- ally asked to lend money. Here was a scandalous confession of insolvency which naturally placed the misdoings of the Company before Lord North's minis- try in a very different and much stronger light, arrested their earnest attention, and convinced them of the immediate necessity of radical reform. The general circumstances of the time, also, were bringing about changes and amendments. Lord Clive said truly that the affairs of the East Indies were, in fact, partaking of the general confusion then spreading over the immense transmarine possessions of Great Britain, which had been acquired so recently and rap- idly that there had been no time to set them in order. The English people had yet to discover the nature of their responsibility for the tutelage of subject or alien races, and for the proper management of countries dif- fering so widely in origin, character, and situation as North American colonies and Indian provinces. They had as yet no experience in the difficult art of ruling distant and diverse populations on so broad a scale. Nor could the whole range of modern history furnish them with any useful precedent, seeing that all previous experiments in the government of dependencies may be pronounced, by a very moderate standard of ethics and efficiency, to have failed. The comparatively long interval of peace in Europe, so far as England was concerned, that followed the termination of the Seven Years' War in 1763, gave lei-