26 THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS.

Jews and Arabs ; while the Medes and Persians were, in Scriptural phrase, of the sons of Japheth that is, they belonged to the same Aryan, Iranian, or Indo- Germanic family as the Greeks and Romans, and our- selves. The home of the Assyrians and their cognate Babylonians was in the great plain of Mesopotamia, while the Medes lived in the mountains to the east, and the Persians to the south-east. The Median high- landers, being of more hardy habits, first conquered the Assyrian lowlanders, and then, descending to their softer country and habits, were conquered in their turn by the hardier Persians. The decline of Assyria was consummated by the fall of Nineveh, which was taken, about B.C. 625, by Cyaxares, third king of the Medes, in conjunction with the Babylonians. The first king of the Medes is said to have been Deioces, who built the wonderful city called by Herodotus Agbatana,* and less correctly by later writers Ecbatana, with its seven circular walls, one within the other, with the palace and treasuries in the centre. The first wall had white battlements, the second black, the third scarlet, the fourth blue, the fifth orange. The last two walls had their battlements silvered and gilt. They rose one above another on a conical hill, and were sup- posed to have had a symbolic meaning, as referring to the sun, moon, and five planets, or the deities pre- siding over the days of the week. The last king of the Medes was Astyages, the son of Cyaxares. He had given his daughter Mandane in marriage to Cam- byses, who was, according to our author's account, a poor Persian gentleman, but according to later autho- rities, a descendant of the first Persian king Acha3-

• In the Beliistun inscription it is Hagmatana.