INTRODUCTION. 5

beloved Athens from her well -won supremacy over Greece. The history of Herodotus is a great prose epic, sug- gested doubtless to the author in early life by the fame of those events which were still fresh in the minds of all men the repulse of the Persian invasion, and the liberation of Greece. The Greeks had thrown off col- onies, from time to time, into the islands of the Levant and the west coast of Asia.* These Asiatic Greeks had actually been enslaved by Persia; and European Greece, though free from the first, could only wake to the full consciousness of that freedom when the overshadowing dread of the monster Asiatic power had been dissipated. Independence could be but a name for either Athenian or Spartan, so long as the very sight of the Persian dress (as Herodotus tells us) inspired terror. Until Miltiades won Marathon, by a rush as apparently desperate as our Balaklava charge, the Persians had been reputed invincible. Their second expedition against Greece was intended to repair the damaged prestige of Persian valour, by setting in mo- tion overwhelming numbers. It seemed as if the dead weight alone of Asiatic fleets and armies must carry all before it. It did indeed carry Athens, but not the Athen- ians. The sea-fight of Salamis was won by citizens who had lost their city. The two great victories which fol- lowed within a year Platsea and Mycale, gained on the same day indicated for ever the superiority of Europeans over Asiatics. The latter was fought out

• Of these colonies, some were Ionian, some Dorian, and

some ^Eolian, having been originally founded by each of these old Greek races. But Herodotus usually speaks of them all as "lonians," as these took the most active share in the war.