50 HARVARD LAW REVIEW.

same property in an actio-n against the ostensible partners. The actual decision in Ex parte Hay man was that the creditors of the ostensible firm, on the bankruptcy of its members, should be preferred as to the property used in the business to the separate creditors of the actual owner ; but the decision is placed squarely on the statutory doctrine of " reputed ownership." Those cases in tliis country which reach the same result {Kelly V. Scott, 49 N. Y. 595 ; Thayer v. Humphrey, 64 N. W. Rep. 1007 [Wis.]) are not to be justified on statutory grounds, and are therefore open to criticism. The recent case of Broadway National Bank v. Wood, 43 N. E. Rep. 100 (Mass.), correctly holds that, on the insolvency of the true owner of property used in the business of an ostensible firm, the firm creditors are not entitled to any preference. If, however, the court means to imply that firm creditors, even by a prior attachment of this property, could get no priority, it appears to run counter to a previous Massachusetts decision {Lordw. Baldwin, 6 Pick. 348), where an attaching creditor of the ostensible owner was preferred to a subsequently attaching creditor of the true owner. Other authorities for the view that, in the case of an ostensible partner- ship, a prior attaching creditor, whether joint or separate, gets a preference over a subsequendy attaching creditor, are Hillman v. Moore, supra / York County Bank's Appeal, 32 Pa. St. 446 ; Grabenheimer v. Rindskobb Bros., 64 Texas, 49 ; (but see Baylor County v. Craig, 69 Texas, 330). In Van Kleeck v. McCabe, 87 Mich. 599, where the creditors of the ostensible firm were given preference as to the ostensible firm assets, it is not clear whether the attachment by firm creditors preceded the assign- ment for benefit of creditors, made by the actual owner. Extra -Judicial Opinions. — " Each branch of the legislature, as well as the Governor and Council, shall have authority to require the opin- ions of the justices of the Supreme Judicial Court upon important ques- tions of law, and upon solemn occasions. This provision was inserted in the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780, and has been since embodied in substantially the same terms in the Constitutions of Maine, New Hamp- shire, Rhode Island, Florida, Colorado, and South Dakota. The courts have interpreted these provisions as intended to secure to the executive and the legislature a reliable source of legal advice, and, with two exceptions (see 70 Me. 583; 12 Col. 466), have universally held that opinions given in accordance with them were purely advisory, and binding neither as decisions nor as precedents. Such opinions, however, place a court in a difficult position, and have been given only with extreme reluctance (see 63 Mass. 604). The opinion must be given without a hearing of the parties, and without the assistance of the re- search and argument of counsel. , Admitting that it is purely advisory, it is an official act, and can hardly fail to be prejudicial to parties adversely interested, and to influence the officials of lower tribunals, as well as to bias the subsequent opinions of the judges theijiselves if the question comes up for actual decision. Perhaps the most cogent objection to her practice is that it gives the other departments of the government author- ity to impose upon the judiciary duties not within the scope of their jurisdiction. On this ground a Minnesota statute authorizing advisory opinions was held unconstitutional (10 Minn. 78). Where the requirement is embodied in the Constitution, however, it