passed into ܐ‎ (e. g. in ܐܷܢܘܿܢ‎ secondary form of ܗܶܢܘܿܢ‎ "they", and in the Aphel ܐܱܩܜܶܠ‎ from haqṭel, &c.), falls away in pronunciation in many forms of the suffix of the 3^rd sing. masc., e. g. ܡܱܠܟܱܘ̈ܗ̄ܝ‎ malkau from malkauhī, "his kings"; ܒܢܳܝܗ̄ܝ‎ "built it" (m.); ܢܷܩܜܠܻܝܘܗ̄ܝ‎ "kills him". The personal pronoun—ܗܽܘ‎ "he" or ܗܺܝ‎ "she"—loses the ܗ‎, when it is enclitic, e. g. ܩܜܰܠܽ ܗ̄ܘܼ‎ qe̊talū; ܠܷܗܽ ܗ̄ܘ‎ or ܠܗܘ‎ lēhū; ܡܳܢܳܐ ܗ̄ܝ‎ mānāi from mānā hī; ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̄ܘܼ‎ from mānā hū. In fact ܡܳܢܱܘ‎, ܗܳܢܱܘ‎, ܐܱܝܟܱܘ‎ are often written for ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ‎, ܗܳܢܰܐ ܗ̄ܘ‎, ܐܱܝܟܱܐ‎. So always ܠܱܘ‎ "not", from ܠܴܐ ܗܽܘ‎. From ܗܘ ܗܘ‎, ܗܝ ܗܝ‎ come ܗܽܘܝܽܘ‎, ܗܺܝܺܝ‎: but ܗܝ ܗܝ‎ is occasionally written even yet, though we do not so often meet with ܗܘ ܗܘ‎.

The ܗ‎ of ܗ̄ܘܳܐ‎ "fruit", falls away when employed as an enclitic: ܩܜܰܠ ܗ̄ܘܳܐ‎, ܩܳܜܠܻܝܢ ܗ̄ܘܱܘ‎ (§ 299), &c.

The ܗ‎ of the very common verb ܝܗܒ‎ "to give" falls away in the Perfect in all cases where it had a vowel; thus ܝܱܗ̄ܒ݂‎, ܝܱܗ̄ܒ݂ܬ݁‎, ܝܱܗ̄ܒ݂ܬ݁ܘܿܢ‎, ܝܱܗ̄ܒ݂ܬܷ݁ܗ‎, &c. The East-Syrians suppress the ܗ‎ even in cases like ܝܸܗ̄ܒܹ݁ܬ݂‎, &c., and similarly in ܐܸܬ݂ܝܲܗ̄ܒܲܬ݂‎, ܒܸܗ̄ܠܹܬ݂‎, &c.

For ܝܺܗܽܘܕܳܐ‎ "Judah", ܝܺܗܽܘܕܳܝܴܐ‎ "a Jew", &c. (from יְהוּדָא‎, יְהוּדָיָא‎, &c.) one may say also ܝܽܗ̄ܘܕܳܐ‎, ܝܽܗ̄ܘܕܳܝܴܐ‎ Yūδā, Yūδāyā. ܝܘܕ̈ܝܐ‎ &c. are written even without ܗ‎.

Greek rh. § 39. In Greek words ܪܗ‎ is often written to express the aspirated ῥ, e. g. ܪܗܘܡܐ‎ Ῥώμη, ܦܪܪܗܣܝܐ‎ (along with ܦܪܪܝܣܝܐ‎, ܦܐܪܪܝܣܝܐ‎ and other forms of transcription) παῥῥησία, &c. This ܗ‎ has no consonantal value, and only in mistake is it treated occasionally as a true consonant.

Vowel-Letters ܘ‎ and ܝ‎. Usual changes. § 40. A. W beginning a root becomes y in Syriac, as in Hebrew, when it is not protected by certain prefixes. Root WLD thus yields ܝܱܠܕ݁ܳܐ‎ "child"; ܝܷܠܕ݁ܰܬ݂‎ "she bare"; but ܐܱܘܠܷܕ݂‎ "he begat"; ܡܱܘܠܴܕ݂ܳܐ‎ "birth", &c. The initial w is however kept in ܘܱ‎, ܘ‎ "and"; ܘܳܠܷܐ‎ "it is becoming" (and so ܘܳܠܝܳܐ‎ f.; ܘܳܠܝܳܐܺܝܬ‎ "decently" &c.); ܘܱܥܕ݁ܳܐ‎ "an appointment" (and thus ܘܱܥܷܕ݂‎ "to appoint"; ܐܷܬ݂ܘܱܥܱܕ‎ "to agree upon"); ܘܱܪܻܝܕ݂ܳܐ‎ "vein"; add the interjection ܘܳܝ‎ "woe!", whence ܘܳܝܴܐ‎ "the woe"; so too ܘܱܪܘܳܪܐ‎ "bee-eater"; and ܘܱܜܐ‎ "a kind of partridge", which two words evidently are meant to re-