to be observed in examining a plant. The shape of the base, tip, and margins have also to be considered.

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The base may be cordate (fig. 19), sagittate (fig. 20), hastate (fig. 21), attenuated (fig. 22), or rounded (fig. 23).

The apex of the leaf may be truncated, as if broken off (fig. 24), rounded (fig. 25),incised(fig. 26), emarginate (fig. 27), obtuse (fig. 28), acute (fig. 29), spinose (fig. 30), or pointed (fig. 31).

The margin of the leaf is entire when it is not indented (fig. 32), serrated when it has small acute indentations and projections (fig. 33), crenated