THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

increasing at a greater ratio than the whites. The race question will solve itself by the distribution of the negroes. Due to their failure as farmers and the resulting movement towards mining and factory employments, the movement of the negroes is to the North and the white immigration into the South. A. S. VAN DE GRAFF in the Forum for May 1896.

Railways of the World. The greatest extension of railways took place during the period 1885-1889, when 108,600 kilometers were built, an increase of 22.3 per cent. During succeeding five-year periods, the increase was as follows : 1886-1890 101,407 km., 19.6 per cent.; 1887-1891 84,917 km., 15.4 per cent.; 1888-1892 80,- 135 km., 14 percent.; 1889-1893 75,086 km., 12.6 per cent.; 1890-1894 71,623 km., 1 1.6 per cent. At the close of 1894, 364,975 km., or more than half of the total length of 687,550 km., had been built in America. On that continent the rate of increase had fallen from 47,062 km., 15.4 per cent., in the years 1888-1892 to 42,678 km., 13.4 per cent., in 1889-1893, and to 34,399 km., 10.4 per cent., in 1890-1894. The combined capitalization of railways at the end of 1894 was 3436 million dollars. or an average of $49,900 per kilometer. The rate of increase, total length, cost, etc., for the various parts of the world are shown in the following summary :

Territory

Length at end of capitalization

Sq. km. of country

Population of coun- try

1890

1894

4

Total

Per kilo- meter

Kilometers

Germany

42,869 27,015 36,672 32,297 84,588 268,409 21,509 9,718 2,338 1,000

27,602 26,299

2,333

200

i,433 2,907

9,79i 18,947

45,462 30,038 39,979 33,641 96,180 288,460 25,966 11,249 2,582

1,000

35,718

30,220 3,600

200

3,051 4,899 13,103

22,202

$2,662,110,000 1,570,342,000 2,940,559,000 4,692,320,000 3,731,270,000 10,796,473,000 887,975,000

$60,299

57,671 8l,202

139,483 54,344 39,124 37,38o

540,500 676,700 536,400 314,600 7,720,300 7,752,800 9,060,800 1,946,300 167,400-f 449,600 17,710,900 5,143,100 382,400 11,115,600 13,073,400

5,4io,8oo-f- 2,957,7oo-h

8,206,100

51,370,000 43,456,000 38,343,000 39,134,000 196,947,000 68,275,000 5,149,000 11,643,000 2,I36,000-|- 3,248,000 37,398,000 290,593,000 41,388,000 360,250,000 5,483,000 6 1, 1 1 6,000 -|- 15,759,000-}-

4,251,000

Austria-Hungary..

Great Britain

Rest of Europe .... United States

British America ...

West Indies

Central America. . South America... . British India

1,077,769,000 53,860,000

36,104 34,228

Japan

Russia in Asia. . . . Rest of Asia .

Africa

Australia and Pacific Islands. .

Total .

585,903,000

28,638

615,927

687,550

93,165,400

i,275,939,ooo

In the above table the items under capitalization are not complete even for the countries where figures are given. These items are omitted altogether for Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Malta, Jersey, and Man. In no instance is the capitalization given for the complete length of railways in the respective countries, but the lengths neglected are relatively unimportant and would not change the average capitalizaton per kilo- meter. This for Europe is $74,212, and for the rest of the world, $36,555. ARCHIV FUR EISENBAHNWESEN, Heft 3, 1896.

Restriction of Immigration. By this is not meant the straining out from the

vast throng of foreigners arriving at our ports a few thousands of persons, deaf,