in consequence of palace intrigues. He was re-instated in his hereditary rank the next day by a special decree of the two Empresses. In 1878 he was again temporarily degraded; and in 1884 he was again dismissed from office, and gave up his hereditary first-class princedom, in consequence of the fall of Bacninh. This time he remained in retirement until the Korean imbroglio of September 1894, when he was recalled to power as President of the Tsung-li Yamên and ordered to co-operate with Li Hung-chang in taking measures against the victorious Japanese. In the same year he was also placed upon the Grand Council, at the special request of the Empress Dowager. His most noteworthy expression of opinion was made to Sir Rutherford Alcock in 1869. He said to the departing Minister, "If you could only relieve us of your opium and your missionaries, there need be no more trouble in China." He married a daughter of Kueiliang, one of the Imperial Commissioners sent to Shanghai to negotiate with Lord Elgin. She died in 1880.

1020 Kung Chao-yüan 龔照瑗 (T. 仰蓮). A purchase licentiate of Anhui, who was Taot'ai at Chefoo in 1886, and at Shanghai from 1886—1890 when he became Judge of Chehkiang. In August 1891 he went as Treasurer to Ssǔch'uan, and in November 1893 was appointed Minister to England, France, Italy, Belgium, and Sweden and Norway. In 1895 he became Director of the Banqueting Court, and in 1896 of the Court of Sacrificial Worship. 1021 Kung Chih-ch'i 宮之奇. 7th cent. B.C. The famous Minister of the Yü State, who advised his prince not to allow the Chins to pass through the country on their way to attack the Kuo State. He argued that the latter was an outlying defence of the Yü State, and that "if the lips perish, the teeth will feel cold," a phrase frequently used by Chinese diplomatists in modern times. 1022

Kung-hsi Ch'ih 公西赤 (T. 子華). Born B.C. 510. A