GENERAL A. W. GREELY Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army

W J McGEE Chief Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Louisiana Purchase Exposition

C. HART MERRIAM Chief of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture

WILLIS L. MOORE Chief of the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture

O. H. TITTMANN Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

O. P. AUSTIN Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor

DAVID G. FAIRCHILD Agricultural Explorer of the Department of Agriculture

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Washington, D. C.

DAVID T. DAY Chief of the Division of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geological Survey

ALFRED H. BROOKS Chief of Alaskan Division, U. S. Geological Survey

ANGELO HEILPRIN Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

R. D. SALISBURY University of Chicago

G. K. GILBERT U. S. Geological Survey

ALEXANDER McADIE Professor of Meteorology, U. S. Weather Bureau, San Francisco

ALMON GUNNISON President St Lawrence University

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY was organized and incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia January 27, 1888. The object of the Society is the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge. The Society accomplishes its object:

1. By encouraging worthy plans for exploration and by helping such projects when its resources permit. 2. By publishing an illustrated monthly Magazine and many large maps. 3. By an annual series of thirty addresses at the National Capital, most of which are published in the Society's Magazine. 4. By the maintenance of a library.

Is not confined to professional geographers, but includes many who are interested in the advance of geographic knowledge. Its present membership, at the close of the eighteenth year of its history, is 10,000, of whom 1,400 are resident in Washington and 8,600 distributed throughout every State in the Union and in many foreign countries. Candidates for admission in the Society must be proposed by members. The membership fee is $2 per annum, with no entrance fee. Life membership fee is $50. All members receive free of charge the Magazine and maps published by the Society.

The affairs of the Society are conducted by a Board of twenty-four managers elected by the Society. Eight members of the Board are elected at each annual meeting of the Society. The present officers are Willis L. Moore, President. Henry Gannett, Vice-President. John Joy Edson, Treasurer. O. P. Austin, Secretary. Eliza R. Scidmore, Foreign Secretary. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Editor.

1903-1905

O. P. Austin

Charles J. Bell

T. C. Chamberlin

George Davidson

John Joy Edson

David G. Fairchild

A. J. Henry

C. Hart Merriam

1904-1906

Henry F. Blount

CM. Chester

F. V. Coville

D. C. Gilman

S. H. Kauffmann

Willis L. Moore

Israel C. Russell

R. D. Salisbury

1905-1907

Alexander Graham Bell

Alfred H. Brooks

Henry Gannett

A. W. Greely

Gilbert H. Grosvenor

Angelo Heilprin

R. H. Tittmann

National Geographic Society , 137

Geographic Literature 199

National Geographic Society|]]|241

Geographic Literature. , . . 252 "Anemia in Porto Roco " (Bailey K. Ashford) 252 " Sweden ; Its People and Its Industry" (edited by Gustav Sundbarg) 252 "The Moon " (William H. Pickering) 253 " Early Western Travels, 1748-1845 " (edited by Reuben G. Thwaites) 253 "The Future of Road-making in America " (Archer Butler Hulbert) 253 "The Great American Canals " (Archer B. Hulbert) 254 " Historic Highways ; Pioneer Roads " (Archer B. Hulbert) 254

Geographic Literature ... 307 " Excursions and Lessons in Home Geography " (Charles A. McMurry, Ph.D.) 307 "The Philippine Islands, 1493-189S " (edited by Emma Helen Blair and James Alex- ander Robertson) . 307 "Along the Nile with General Grant " (Elbert E. Farman) 307 "Dodge's Advanced Geography " (Richard Elwood Dodge) 307 "The United States of America " (Edwin E. Sparks) 308 "Grundriss der Handelsgeographie " (Dr Max Eckert) , 308

Geographic Literature ^60 " Earthquakes " (Clarence Edward Dutton, Major U. S. A.) . 460 " Thomas Hutchins " (edited by Frederick C. Hicks) 360 " Geographen Kalendar, 1905-1906 " (Herman Haack) 360

Map of the Philippines (23 x 36 inches) Supplement Commercial Prize of the Orient ; by Hon. O. P. Austin, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics and Secretary of the National Geographic Society 400 Maps recently published by the U. S. Geological Survey 423 Some Notes on the Fox Island Passes, Alaska ; by J. J. Gilbert, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 427 A Comparison of Sweden and Norway 429 European Population ; by Walter J. Ballard 432 Japan and the United States 432 Our Immigration in 1905 43^ Note on Map of the Philippines. 434 Exports of Manufactures 434 Comparative Statement showing number of Aliens admitted to'the United States in 1905, 435 Statistics of Cities 437 The Commercial Valuation of Railway Operating Property in the United States 438 The Ziegler Polar Expedition 439 The Highest Dam in the World 440 Note on Map of Panama Canal 441 Improvements in the Republic of Panama 441 Geographic Literature 443 " The Philippine Islands " (Blair and Robertson) . 443 "Antarctica" (Otto Nordenskjold and J. C. Anderson) 443 Some Recent Government Reports 443 " Long Range Weather Forecasts " (E. B. Garriott) 443 "Soil Inoculation for Legumes " (George T. Moore) 443 " Periodic Variation of Rainfall in the Arid Region " (William B. Stockman) ....... 443 "Seeds and Plants Imported, 1900-1903" (David G. Fairchild) 443 Map of the Region of the Panama Canal, 24x33 inches Supplement The Panama Canal ; by Rear Admiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. A 445 Progress on the Panama Canal ; by Gilbert H. Grosvenor 467 The Great Canals of the World 475 The Peace of Latin America 479 Forestry in California 480 Chinese Labor for Mexico 481 Polar Exploration 482 The Population of Japan ; by Walter J. Ballard 482 ​Contents vii Page Geography ; by Rear- Admiral Sir W. J. L. Wharton, K. C. B., F. R. S 483 The Supposed Birthplace of Civilizations 499 Proportion of Children in the United States 504 Ketchikan ; by O. H. T 508 The Returns from Alaska 513 Progress in the Philippines 513 The Best Position on the Map 514 Forests Vital to Our Welfare 515 Cotton and the Chinese Boycott 516 Immigration to the Southern States ; Summary of a Study by Prof. Wai/TER L. FLEMING. 517 An Important Geographic Publication 519 Irrigation Reports , 519 Geographic Literature 520 "Commercial Geography" (Henry Gannett, Carl Louise Garrison, ^and Edwin J. Houston. . 520 " The Italians in America " (Elliot Lord, John J. D. Trenor, and Samuel J. Barrows) . 524 " The Far-Eastern Tropics " ( Alleyne Ireland, F. R. G. S ) 525 "A Century of Expansion" (Willis Fletcher Johnson, L. H. D.) 526

"An Observer in the Philippines" (J. B. Devins) 573 " The Philippine Islands" (F. W. Atkinson) 574 " Our Philippine Problem " (H. P. Willis) 574 "Michigan" (T. M. Cooley) 575 " Two Bird Lovers in Mexico " (C. W. Beebe) 575 "Arizona Sketches" (J. A. Munk) 575 National Geographic Society 575 ​LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Diagram showing wave of immigration into the United States from all countries during the past 25 years 6 Diagram showing total immigration into the United States 17 Chart showing the ratio of criminality of immigrants 19 United States Immigration Island, New York Harbor 20 United States Immigrant Station, Ellis Island, looking north toward New York city, 1904 . 21 Children's roof garden, Ellis Island Station, New York 22 Aliens entering Ellis Island Station 23 Types of aliens awaiting admission at Ellis Island Station 24 Types of aliens awaiting admission to Ellis Island Station 25 The palace of the Dalai- Lama at Lhasa 28 Another view of the palace of the Dalai-Lama 29 A view of the palace of the Dalai-Lama from the west 30 A street scene in Lhasa 31 Palace of the old King of Tibet at Lhasa 32 Buddhist temple in the center of Lhasa 33 A view of Lhasa from a neighboring hill 34 The outskirts of Lhasa 35 On the road which circles Lhasa 36 Women from the country on the way to market in Lhasa. 37 A farming scene in Tibet 38 Chart of the world on Mercator's projection, 25x45 inches Supplement Map showing the conditions of the coast surveys of the world 64-65 The Bore coming up the Petitcodiac River at Moncton, N. B 72 High tide on the Petitcodiac River at Moncton, N. B 73 Low tide on the Gaspareaux River, Wolfville, N. S 74 High tide on the Gaspareaux River, Wolfville, N. S 75 Scenes on Lake Tchad 78 A flock of goats on the ranges of Arizona 85 Pelee, with its terminal tower or obelisk 86 On the winter trail to the Tanana gold fields, Alaska 105 One of the first to reach the Tanana gold fields 106 The ' ' first boat out ' ' after the ice—" White Horse " 109 The Tanana gold fields no The technical high school at Charlottenburg, Germany 112 The technical high school at Stuttgart, Germany 113 Salt River Canyon, Arizona . 118 A typical dam site, Windy Gap, Colorado 119 Site of proposed dam in Gunnison Canyon, Colorado 120 Garfield Point in Grand River Valley, Colorado 121 Sage brush deserts (Minidoka Land) south of Snake River, Idaho 122 Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho 122 Fifteen lignite beds in single section of Little Missouri River near Johnson's Ranch, North Dakota 123 Four coal beds each 4 or 5 feet thick on Little Missouri River 124 A rabbit drive in Southern California 128 (VIII) ​The results of a rabbit drive in Southern California 129 "Stripping the bark from a 9-year old wattle tree 131 Some supervisors of the Filipino census . . 153 Governor-Supervisor Ortega and presidentes of la Union (Ilocanos) .... 154 Governor-Supervisor Ramos and presidentes, Province of Tarlac (Tagalogs) 155 Enumerators, Province of Lepanto-Bontoc (Igorots) 156 1. Carabao carts. 2. Hemp fiber as brought to market. 3. Trotting bull of Panay. 4. Typical wooden-wheeled bull cart. 5. Carabao with sled 157 Census enumerators, Province of la Laguna (Tagalogs) 158 1. Maguindanao Moro, wife of Chief Ali. 2. Moro women of upper class, Zamboango. 3. Dato and bride. 4. Moros of Lake Lanao, Mindanao. 5. Jolo Moro, adult male. . . 159 1. Moro showing one way of wearing the sarong. 2. Sanguil Moro warrior in brass hel- met and cuirass. 3. Samal Moros, characteristic dress. 4. Samal Moro of Zamboanga. 5. Malanao Moro. 6. Yakan Moro ... 160 Bagobos, Island of Mindanao < 161 a. Igorot girl, showing method of stretching hole in lobe of ear. 2. Igorot woman, hair bound up with grass chaplet. 3. Igorot boy. 4. Igorot father and daughter. 5. Igorot warrior in his prime - . 162 'I. Girl spinning. 2. Young woman in typical dress. 3. Woman and child. 4. Girl operating cotton gin 163 I. Mayoyao Igorot, "headman" of Banaue. 2. Igorot. 3. Igorot girl in fern leaf cos- tume 164 €. Native woman with Negrito blood (Remontado). 2. Young man (Remontado). 3. Girl (Remontado). 4. Native man with Negrito blood (Remontado). 5. Girl (Gaddan). 6. Woman (Gaddan) 165 a. Young Negrito women. 2. Negritos making fire by rubbing two pieces of bamboo to- gether. 3. Group of Negritos, Province of Zambales. 4. Negrito showing filed teeth. 5. Negritos in the forest, Province of Isabela 166 L. Tiruray dancer at Cottabato. 2. Ata of Davao. 3. Group of Mangyans of Mindoro. 4. Mangyan, Province of Mindoro. 5. Monteses, Province of Misamis. 167 1. Poling a casco. 2. Canoes made from the log of a single tree. 3. Single-stick out- rigger, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. 4. Moro Vinta. 5. Outriggered sailing craft of Panay and Leyte 168 1. Mjro divers, Tapul group. 2. Double-masted outrigger, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. 3. Sailing craft, Visayas. 4. Moro vinto at J0I6. 5. Moro vinta with thatched awning . . 169 1. Fishing in the surf with a scoop net. 2. Selling the catch at the beach. 3. Seine fishing, with fleet of fishing boats in the background 170 1. Fish nets in position for catch. 2. Life on the net raft. 3. Fish weirs, mouth of Pasig River. 4. Net raft, net in position for catching, , 171 I, Old Moro pirate boat. 2. Cascoes, or the common lighter of the Philippines. 3. Pas- senger raft on the Magat River, Province of Nueva Vizcaya. 4. Single-stick outrigger, 172 1. Hauling logs with carabao. 2. Ropemaking, Manila. 3. Filipino sawing mill 173 1. Typical Filipino village, Boac, Marinduque. 2. The gap of Vigan, Hocus Sur. 3. street in Baliuag (Tagalogs), Bulacan. 4. Village of Rombl6n 174 1. Moro houses on Rio Grande Cottabato, Mindanao. 2. Moro split-bamboo house of com- mon people and slaves. 3. Mixed native architecture of civilized tribes. Stone and mortar superstructure and wooden framework. 4. Example of fine Nipa structure. . . . 175 1. Gaddan tree house. 2. A dwelling of the Mamanuas. 3. Tinguian house at Padangita — a feast in progress 176 ​I. Mayon volcano. 2. Magellan monument, Island of Mactan, erected on the spot where he was killed. 3 Giant forest tree of Mindanao, showing natural buttresses of trunk. 4. Bun palm. 5. Tree fern, province of Benguet. 6. Moro watchtower, Dumaguete, Negros oriental. 7. Native boats 177 1. Church at Malate, Manila. 2. Augustinian church, walled city, Manila. 3. Church of the Recoletos, walled city, Manila. 4. Church at Albay, Albay. 5. Fortified church, at Boac, Marinduque. 6. De Loma church, Manila 178 1. Tobacco fields, provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. 3. Tobacco leaves arranged in " hands " for curing. 4. Sugar cane, showing the luxurious growth. 5. Crude method of extracting the juice of the sugar cane. 6. Teosinte, or forage plant, recently intro- duced into the Philippines by the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila 179 1. Tunnels on gold quartz veins, Benguet Province, Luz6n. 2. Blacksmith shop. 3. Saltmaking 180 1. Threshing rice by beating sheaves or stones. 2. Mill for winnowing rice by hand. 3. Hulling rice in wooden mortar with wooden pestles. 4. Planting rice. 5. Hulling rice . . p 181 1. Filipinos making rope. 2. Ilocanos spinning cotton, I/uz6n. Primitive loom of the Ilocanos, Luzon . , 182 1. Climbing the coconut palm for tuba. 2. Husking and splitting coconuts for copra. 3. Coconut tree and fruit . 183, 1. Coffee plant, showing the remarkable luxuriance of the growth. 2. Stripping abacd (hemp). 3. The abaca, or " Manila hemp" plant. 4. Cacao tree, showing fruit at maturity. 5. Fine samples of Manila hemp, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila 184 Silver pitcher, presented to David T. Day by the National Geographic t excursionists to Mexico . 109 Hauling a yellow-tail net, Southern Shikoku 202 A fishery experiment station in the Province of Tosa 204 A trained fishing cormorant, with its cage 205 A cormorant trainer and fisherman 206 Fishing with cormorants, Nagara River 207 Spreading the wet funori on mats to bleach and dry 208 Sprinkling the sheets of funori to prevent curling 209 Gathering the dried sheets of funori for baling and shipment 210 Gathering kelp with poles and drags 21 r Drying kelp on the beach in Hokkaido 212 Women engaged in sorting the crude kelp 214 View at an Osaka kombu factory ... 215 Women divers, province of Shima 216 The forest, Island of Guam 230 On the main road across the Island of Guam . 231 A fish intoxicant ; the fruit of the Barringtonia speciosa, natural size 232 A coffee tree in full bloom, Island of Guam . 234 Betel-nut palms 235 Flame tree in the Plaza Caguas, Porto Rico 238 A splendid specimen of the Ceiba tree, or " silk cotton," near Ponce, Porto Rico 239 A group of Sequoia gig antea^ Mariposa grove, California 240 A group of milch goats 241 One of the common prickly pears of Texas in full fruit - 242 Singeing the prickly pear of Texas with a torch . 243 A type of pear cutter, as set up and operated 243 ​Gathering Irish moss at Scituate, Massachusetts 244 Bleaching and curing Irish moss at Scituate, Massachusetts 245 Excellent examples of weathering near Logan Butte, Cook County, Oregon 246 Stacking alfalfa with a derrick on a western farm 247 Tamil girls picking tea, Ceylon 248 Carts with bamboo covers, Ceylon 248 Map of Northern Manchuria ( 18 x 44 inches) Supplement Chart I. Winter storm, December 15, 1893, 8 a. m 268 Chart II. Winter storm, December 15, 1893, 8 a. m 269 Chart III. Winter storm, December 16, 1893, 8 a. m 270 Chart IV. Cold wave, January 7, 1886, 7 a. m 271 Chart V. Cold wave, January 8, 1886, 7 a. m 272 Chart VI. Cold wave, January 9, 1886, 7 a. m 273 Chart VII. Cold wave, January 10, 1886, 7 a. m 274 Chart VIII. West Indian hurricane, August 27. 1893, 8 a. m .... 275 Chart IX. West Indian hurricane, August 28, 1893, 8 a. m 276 Chart X. West Indian hurricane, August 29, 1893, 8 a. m 277 Chart XI. The Galveston hurricane, 1900 278 Chart XII. Storm track for August 279 Chart XIII. Storm tracks for February 280 Chart XVII. Normal storm tracks for May 281 Chart XVIII. Tornado at Louisville, Ky., March 27, 1890. Weather map 8 p. m. of this date 282 Chart XIX Tornadoes of 1889— a year of small frequency . . 283 Chart XX. Tornadoes of 1893 — a year of small frequency 284 Chart XIV. The average lines along which the centers of storms move in July in the Northern Hemisphere 290 Chart XV. The average lines along which the centers of storms move in January in the Northern Hemisphere 291 A flood scene at Marion, Arkansas, 1903. 293 The rush of water through the Holly Bush crevasse, Arkansas, 1903 295 Strengthennig the levees in preparation for the coming of a flood, Lagrange, Mississippi, I9°3 • 2 9 6 Chart XVI. Showing method followed in developing normal storm tracks, etc 297 Scene in the freight yards at Kansas City after the visitation of a flood, 1903 298 Flood scene in St Louis, 1903 299 Chart showing the low central near New Orleans 300 Map showing seat of war in Manchuria, 18x44 inches Supplement The Tsar and Tsarina at home 313 Latest picture of the Tsar of all the Russias and his interesting family, including Baby Tsarevitch .. 314 Home of Romanoffs, Moscow 315 A crowd in Theater Square, Moscow . . . 316 Priests of the orthodox Greek Church on a float upon the Neva River, St Petersburg 317 Splendid temple of our Saviour in a western district of Moscow 318 Old defenses of the Kremlin — the citadel of Moscow 319 Russian cloth market in "the Fair" of Nijni-Novgorod, Russia 320 The market place, Viborg, Finland 321 Old St Petersburg 322 A reservoir after evaporation. Turning up the salt, salt fields, Solinen, Russia 323 ​xii The National Geographic Magazine Page Moscow workmen in one of the street markets 324 A characteristic Russian troika (three-horse carriage) before the old Petrofski palace in the northwest suburb of Moscow , 325 Siberian village of the Tartars, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia 326 Wheat for export at Russia's great southern seaport, Odessa 327 Country women tramping into Krief , Russia, with the morning supply of milk 328 Fig. 1. Three eggs embedded in gelatinous membrane in which they are laid 337 Fig. 2. Young angler taken out of the egg just previous to hatching 338 Fig. 3. Young angler not long after hatching. . - 338 Fig. 4. Young angler with 2 elongated dorsal rays, etc 338 Fig. 5. Young angler showing still greater increase in length 339 Fig. 6. Young angler in oldest pelagic stage 339 Fig. 7. Young angler of oldest pelagic stage, seen from above 339 Fig. 8. Young angler with most of the characteristics of adults 340 Fig. 9. The common angler 341 Diagram showing production of principal minerals. 343 Map showing value per square mile of minerals in United States 343 A vein in a 1,200-foot level, Daly-Judge mine, Park City, Utah 344 An electric coal-cutter 345 View near western end of Great Canyon Sandstone Quarry, Amherst, Ohio 346 Steam drill used in stone quarrying 347 Large granite column-cutting lathe at Vinalhaven, Maine 348 Porto Rico — molding bricks by hand 349 The Grand (Victoria) Falls. 350 View of falls seen through the jaws of the gorge 351 View looking into chasm from its eastern end 352 View of bend in canyon 353 The rich and evergreen forest fed by the mists from the falls , 334 Portrait of Mr William Ziegler 358 Mnp of the Philippine Islands (23 x 36 inches) Supplement Young Filipinos . . 367 Primary pupils in a municipal school, Manila , 368 Boys in the Normal High School, Manila 369 An exceedingly productive spruce forest in Bavaria. 376 Elephants used for dragging logs in the forests of Burma 379 Piling timber in the lumber yards of Burma 380 Piling timber in the lumber yards of Burma 381 A mixed forest in need of an improvement cutting 382 A mixed forest after an improvement cutting > 383 Conservative lumbering in the Adirondack Mountains, New York 384 Wasteful lumbering on the Pacific slope 385 Artesian well at Woonsocket, South Dakota 389 Artesian well at Lynch, Nebraska i 390 Pulpit Rock, Kansas 391 Big Badlands, South Dakota, east of Flour Trail 392 Greenhorn limestone in Benton group, near Thatcher, Colorado 393 Jail Rock 394 Archway eroded in Monument Creek sandstone, at " Elephant Rock," near Monument, Colorado 395 Cathedral spires, Garden of the Gods, Colorado 396 ​Page:The National Geographic Magazine Vol 16 1905.djvu/19 ​Page:The National Geographic Magazine Vol 16 1905.djvu/20