< Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition
Volume V
Canon — Cleves
Ca Ce Ch Ci – Cl
  • Canon, of Scripture.
  • Canon, ecclesiastical officer.
  • Canon Law.
  • Canonical Hours.
  • Canonization.
  • Canopus, town, ancient Egypt.
  • Canosa, town, South Italy.
  • Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor.
  • Canstatt, town, Würtemberg.
  • Canstein, Karl Hildebrand, count of, German writer.
  • Cantabria, district, ancient Spain.
  • Cantacuzenus, Johannes, emperor of the East.
  • Cantagallo, town, Brazil.
  • Cantal, department, France.
  • Cantarina, Simone, Italian painter.
  • Cantemir, Antiochus, Russian poet.
  • Cantemir, Demetrius, voivode of Moldavia.
  • Canterbury, town, England.
  • Canterbury, province, New Zealand.
  • Cantharides, in pharmacy.
  • Canticles, book of Scripture.
  • Canton, town, China.
  • Canton, town, Ohio, U.S.A.
  • Canton, John, English physicist.
  • Cantu, or Canturio, town, Italy.
  • Canusium, ancient town, Italy (Canosa, q.v.).
  • Canute, or Cnut, king of Denmark and England.
  • Canvas, cloth.
  • Caoutchouc (India-Rubber, q.v.).
  • Cape Breton, island, Nova Scotia.
  • Cape Coast Castle, town, West Africa.
  • Cape Colony, South Africa.
  • Cape Haytien, town, Hayti.
  • Cape Verd Islands.
  • Capefigue, Baptiste Honoré Raymond, French writer.
  • Capel, Lord, English Royalist leader.
  • Capell, Edward, Shakespearean critic.
  • Capella, Martianus Mineus Felix, scientific writer.
  • Capercally, or Capercailzie, bird.
  • Capernaum, Palestine.
  • Capers, pickle.
  • Capet, royal family, France.
  • Capgrave, John, English historian.
  • Capillary Action.
  • Capis, town, Philippine Islands.
  • Capistrano, Giovanni di, Franciscan monk.
  • Capital, in political economy.
  • Capitanata, province, Italy.
  • Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius, German theologian.
  • Capitol, or Capitolium, at Rome (See Rome).
  • Capitolinus, Julius, Augustan historian (See Augustan History).
  • Capitularies, Frankish laws.
  • Capitulation, surrender.
  • Capmany, Antonio de Montpalan y, Spanish historian.
  • Capo d'Istria, town, Austria.
  • Capo d'Istria, or Capodistrias, John, Count, Russian diplomatist and president of Greece.
  • Cappadocia, province, Asia Minor.
  • Cappel, French family of distinguished scholars.
  • Cappel, Louis, French Protestant theologian.
  • Capperonier, Claude, French classical scholar.
  • Caprera, island, Italy.
  • Capri, island, Italy.
  • Capiscum (Cayenne Pepper, q.v.).
  • Capstan, for raising weights.
  • Capua, ancient town, Italy.
  • Capuchins, Franciscan monks.
  • Capybara, rodent mammal.
  • Caracal, or Lynx, carnivorous mammal.
  • Caracalla, Roman emperor.
  • Caracas, town, Venezuela.
  • Caracci, Lodovico, Agostino, and Annibale, Italian painters.
  • Caractacus, or Caradoc, British chief (See Britannia).
  • Caraman, or Karaman, town, Asiatic Turkey.
  • Caramania, district, Asiatic Turkey.
  • Caravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi da, Italian painter.
  • Caravaggio, Polidoro Caldara da, Italian painter.
  • Caravan, company of travellers.
  • Caravanserai, for shelter of caravans.
  • Caravellas, town, Brazil.
  • Caraway, culinary herb.
  • Carbolic Acid.
  • Carbon, chemical element.
  • Carbonari, Italian secret societies.
  • Carbondale, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • Carbuncle, precious stone.
  • Carbuncle, skin affection.
  • Carcajente, town, Spain.
  • Carcassonne, town, France.
  • Cardamom, aromatic fruit.
  • Cardan, Girolamo, Italian mathematician and physicist.
  • Cardenas, town, Cuba.
  • Cardiff, town, Wales.
  • Cardigan, county, Wales.
  • Cardigan, Seventh Earl of, British general.
  • Cardinal, in Roman Catholic Church.
  • Cardona, town, Spain.
  • Cards, Playing.
  • Carducci, or Carducho, Bartolommeo, Italian painter.
  • Carducci, or Carducho, Vincenzo, Italian painter.
  • Cardwell, Edward, English historian.
  • Carew, George, English diplomatist and historian.
  • Carew, George, earl of Totness, writer on Ireland.
  • Carew, Richard, author of Survey of Cornwall.
  • Carew, Thomas, English poet.
  • Carey, Henry, English humorist and musician.
  • Carey, William, Indian missionary and Orientalist.
  • Cargill, Donald, Scottish Covenanter.
  • Caria, province, Asia Minor.
  • Cariaco, town, Venezuela.
  • Caribbean Sea.
  • Caribbee Islands, West Indies.
  • Caribs, race of people, Central America.
  • Caricature.
  • Caries, bone disease.
  • Carignano, town, Italy.
  • Carimata Islands, Indian Archipelago.
  • Carini, town, Sicily.
  • Carinola, town, Italy.
  • Carinthia, crown-land, Austria.
  • Caripe, town, Venezuela.
  • Carisbrooke, village and castle, Isle of Wight.
  • Carissimi, Giacomo, Italian composer.
  • Carleton, Sir Dudley, English statesman.
  • Carleton, William, Irish novelist.
  • Carli, Giovanni Rinaldo, count of, Italian economist.
  • Carlisle, town, England.
  • Carlisle, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • Carlisle, Fifth Earl of, statesman.
  • Carlisle, Seventh Earl of, statesman.
  • Carlow, county, Ireland.
  • Carlowitz, town, Hungary.
  • Carlsbad, town, Bohemia.
  • Carlsburg, town, Transylvania.
  • Carlshamn, town, Sweden.
  • Carlskrona, province and town, Sweden.
  • Carlsruhe, town, Baden.
  • Carlstad, province and town, Sweden.
  • Carlstadt, town, Croatia, Austria.
  • Carlstadt, district and town, Bavaria.
  • Carlstadt (A. R. Bodenstein), German Reformer.
  • Carluke, town, Scotland.
  • Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, English Orientalist.
  • Carmagnola, town, Italy.
  • Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone, count of, condottiere.
  • Carmarthen, county, Wales.
  • Carmel, mountain, Palestine.
  • Carmelites, order of monks.
  • Carmichael, Gershom, Scottish metaphysician.
  • Carmine, pigment.
  • Carmona, town, Spain.
  • Carnac, town, France.
  • Carnarvon, county, Wales.
  • Carnatic, district, India.
  • Carneades, Greek philosopher.
  • Carniola, province, Austria.
  • Carnival, season preceding Lenten fast.
  • Carnivora, order of mammals.
  • Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguérite, French minister of war.
  • Carnuntum, ancient town, Pannonia.
  • Caro, Annibale, Italian poet.
  • Carolan, Turlogh, Irish bard.
  • Carolina, North and South, States, U.S.A. (North Carolina and South Carolina, q.v.).
  • Caroline, Amelia Augusta, wife of George IV. of England.
  • Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean.
  • Carora, town, Venezuela.
  • Carouge, town, Switzerland.
  • Carpathian Mountains.
  • Carpathus, island, Asia Minor.
  • Carpentaria, Gulf of, Australia.
  • Carpentras, town, France.
  • Carpentry, in building (See Building).
  • Carpet.
  • Carpi, town, Italy.
  • Carpi, Girolamo da, Italian painter.
  • Carpi, Ugo da, Italian painter.
  • Carpini, Joannes de Plano, mediæval traveller.
  • Carpocrates, Gnostic.
  • Carpzov, family of distinguished Germans.
  • Carranza, Bartolemé de, Spanish theologian.
  • Carrara, town, Italy.
  • Carrel, Armand, French publicist.
  • Carriage.
  • Carrickfergus, town, Ireland.
  • Carrick-on-Suir, town, Ireland.
  • Carrier, conveyer of goods.
  • Carrier, Jean Baptiste, French Revolutionist.
  • Carron, town, Scotland.
  • Carstares, William, Scottish divine.
  • Cartagena, town, Spain.
  • Cartagena, town, Colombia, South America.
  • Cartago, town, Costa-Rica, Central America.
  • Cartago, town, Colombia, South America.
  • Carte, Thomas, English historian.
  • Carter, Elizabeth, English writer.
  • Cartesianism.
    • Des Cartes.
    • Malebranche.
    • Spinoza.
  • Carthage, ancient town, Africa.
  • Carthusians, order of monks.
  • Cartier, Jacques, French explorer.
  • Cartoon, in painting.
  • Cartwright, Edmund, inventor of power-loom.
  • Cartwright, Major John, parliamentary reformer.
  • Cartwright, Thomas, Puritan divine.
  • Cartwright, William, English poet and dramatist.
  • Carupano, town, Venezuela.
  • Carus, Karl Gustav, German physiologist.
  • Carvahal, Tomas José Gonsalez, Spanish poet.
  • Carvin, town, France.
  • Carving, in ivory & wood.
  • Carving and Gilding.
  • Cary, Henry Francis, translator of Dante.
  • Cary, Sir Lucius, Viscount Falkland.
  • Caryl, Joseph, Nonconformist divine.
  • Casa, Giovanni della, Italian poet.
  • Casa Calenda, town, Italy.
  • Casale, town, Italy.
  • Casalmaggiore, town, Italy.
  • Casalpusterlengo, town, Italy.
  • Casanova de Seingalt, Italian adventurer.
  • Casas Grandes, town, Mexico.
  • Casaubon, Isaac, Huguenot scholar.
  • Casbin, or Kasbin, town, Persia.
  • Casciano dei Bagni, town, Italy.
  • Caserta, town, Italy.
  • Cashan, or Kashan, town, Persia.
  • Cashel, town, Ireland.
  • Cashew Nut.
  • Cashgar, town, Turkestan (Kashgar, q.v.).
  • Cashmere, state, Asia (Kashmir, q.v.).
  • Casino, Benedictine monastery of (Monte Casino, q.v.).
  • Casiri, Michael, librarian of the Escorial.
  • Casoria, town, Italy.
  • Caspe, town, Spain.
  • Caspian Sea.
  • Cass, Lewis, American statesman.
  • Cassaba, town, Asia Minor.
  • Cassana, Niccolo, Italian painter.
  • Cassander, king of Macedonia.
  • Cassander, George, Flemish theologian.
  • Cassandra, in Greek legend.
  • Cassano, town, Italy.
  • Cassava, farinaceous plant.
  • Cassel, town, Germany.
  • Cassel, town, France.
  • Cassia Bark.
  • Cassianus, Joannes Eremita, monk.
  • Cassini, family of French astronomers.
  • Cassiodorus, or Cassiodorius, Magnus Aurelius, Roman historian.
  • Cassis, town, France.
  • Cassius Longinus, Caius, assassin of Julius Cæsar.
  • Cassowary, bird.
  • Castagno, Andrea del, Italian painter.
  • Castalia, fountain, Delphi, Greece.
  • Castanos, Don Francisco Xavier de, Spanish general.
  • Caste, social distinction.
  • Castel, Louis Bertrand, French mathematician.
  • Castel-a-Mare, town, Italy.
  • Castel-a-Mare, town, Sicily.
  • Castel Sarrasin, town, France.
  • Castel Vetrano, town, Sicily.
  • Castell, Edmund, English Orientalist.
  • Castelli, Ignaz Friedrich, Austrian dramatist.
  • Castello, Bernardo, Italian painter.
  • Castello, Giovanni Battista, Italian painter.
  • Castello, Valerio, Italian painter.
  • Castellon de la Plana, town, Spain.
  • Castelnau, Michel de, French chronicler.
  • Castelnaudary, town, France.
  • Castelo Branco, town, Portugal.
  • Casti, Giovanni Battista, Italian poet.
  • Castiglione delle Stiviere, town, Italy.
  • Castiglione, Baldassare, Italian writer and diplomatist.
  • Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, Italian painter.
  • Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, Italian philologist.
  • Castile, Kingdom of, Spain.
  • Castillejo, Cristobal de, Spanish poet.
  • Casting, Metal (Founding, q.v.).
  • Castle.
  • Castlebar, town, Ireland.
  • Castlereagh, Visount (Londonderry, Second Marquis of, q.v.).
  • Castletown, town, Isle of Man.
  • Castor and Pollux, in Greek mythology.
  • Castor Oil.
  • Castrén, Matthias Alexander, Russian philologist.
  • Castrensis, Paulus, Italian jurist.
  • Castres, town, France.
  • Castro, town, Italy.
  • Castro del Rio, town, Spain.
  • Castrogiovanni, town, Sicily.
  • Castro Nuovo, town, Sicily.
  • Castro Reale, town, Sicily.
  • Castro Urdiales, town, Spain.
  • Castro, Guillen de, Spanish dramatist.
  • Castro, Inez de, wife of Pedro I. of Portugal.
  • Castro, João de, viceroy of Portuguese Indies.
  • Castrovillari, town, Italy.
  • Castruccio Castracani, Ghibelline chief.
  • Casuistry.
  • Caswall, Henry, American divine.
  • Cat.
  • Catacombs.
  • Catalepsy, nervous affection.
  • Catalonia, province, Spain.
  • Catamarca, town, Argentine Republic.
  • Catania, town, Sicily.
  • Catanzaro, town, Italy.
  • Catapulta, ancient military engine.
  • Cataract, disease of the eye (See Ophthamalmic Diseases).
  • Catarrh, disease.
  • Catawbas, North-American tribe.
  • Cateau Cambrésis, town, France.
  • Catechism.
  • Catechu, drug and dyestuff.
  • Catechumen, candidate for baptism.
  • Categories, in logic and philosophy.
  • Caterpillar, larva stage of butterfly (See Butterflies).
  • Catgut, string.
  • Cathay, China as known to mediæval Europe (See China).
  • Cathcart, Sir George, British general.
  • Cathedral, principal church of a diocese.
  • Catherine, Saints.
  • Catherine I., empress of Russia.
  • Catherine II., empress of Russia.
  • Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henry II. of France.
  • Catherine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII. of England.
  • Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. of England.
  • Catherine of Valois, wife of Henry V. of England.
  • Catholic, designation of the Christian Church.
  • Catholic Apostolic Church.
  • Catilina, Lucius Sergius, Roman conspirator.
  • Catlin, George, writer on the American Indians.
  • Catmandoo, capital of Nepal (Khatmandu, q.v.).
  • Cato, M. Porcius, the Elder, Roman censor.
  • Cato, M. Porcius, Uticensis.
  • Cato, Dionysius, Roman moralist.
  • Cats, Jacob, Dutch poet.
  • Catskill Mountains, United States.
  • Cattack, district & town, India.
  • Cattaro, town, Austria.
  • Cattermole, George, English painter.
  • Catti, ancient Germanic people.
  • Cattle.
  • Cattolica, town, Sicily.
  • Catullus, C. Valerius, Latin poet.
  • Caucasia, government, Russia.
  • Caucasus, chain of mountains.
  • Caudete, town, Spain.
  • Caudine Forks, Italian valley.
  • Cava, or La Cava, town, Italy.
  • Cavaignac, Louis Eugène, French general.
  • Cavaillon, town, France.
  • Cavalcanti, Guido, Italian poet.
  • Cavalier, Jean, chief of the Camisards, France.
  • Cavallini, Pietro, Italian painter.
  • Cavallo, Tiberius, Italian electrician.
  • Cavalry.
  • Cavan, county & town, Ireland.
  • Cavanilles, Antonio José, Spanish botanist.
  • Cave, or Cavern.
  • Cave, Edward, English publisher and editor.
  • Cave, William, English theologian.
  • Cavedone, Jacopo, Italian painter.
  • Cavendish, Henry, English chemist and physicist.
  • Cavendish, Margaret (Newcastle, Duchess of, q.v.).
  • Cavendish, Thomas, English navigator.
  • Cavendish, Sir William, English courtier.
  • Cavendish, William (Devonshire, First Duke of, q.v.).
  • Cavite, town, Philippine Islands.
  • Cavore, or Cavour, town, Italy.
  • Cavour, Count, Italian statesman.
  • Cavy, rodent mammal.
  • Cawnpur, or Cawnpore, district and town, India.
  • Caxamarca, town, Peru.
  • Caxatambo, town, Peru.
  • Caxton, William, first English printer.
  • Cayenne (See Guinea).
  • Cayenne, town, French Guiana.
  • Cayenne Pepper.
  • Caylus, Comte de, French artist and writer.
  • Cazalla de la Sierra, town, Spain.
  • Cazembe, chief and his territory, Africa.
  • Cazorla, town, Spain.
  • Cazotte, Jacques, French writer.
  • Ceará, town, Brazil.
  • Cebes, of Thebes, Greek philosopher.
  • Cebu, island, Philippines.
  • Cecco d'Ascoli, Francesco degli Stabili, Italian encyclopædist and poet.
  • Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, lord high treasurer of England.
  • Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, minister of Queen Elizabeth.
  • Cecilia, St.
  • Cecrops, king of Attica.
  • Cedar, tree.
  • Cefalu, town, Sicily.
  • Cehegin, town, Spain.
  • Celano, town and lake, Italy.
  • Celebes, island, Indian Archipelago.
  • Celery, vegetable.
  • Celestine, popes.
  • Celestines, order of monks.
  • Celibacy.
  • Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian sculptor and metal-worker.
  • Celsius, Anders, Swedish astronomer.
  • Celsus, anti-Christian writer.
  • Celtiberia, ancient division of Spain.
  • Celtic Literature.
  • Cements.
  • Cemetery.
  • Cenci, Beatrice, parricide.
  • Ceneda, district, Italy.
  • Censor, Roman magistrate.
  • Census, enumeration of people.
    • Census of 1861.
    • First Imperial Census, 1871.
    • Census of the United States.
  • Centaurs, in Greek mythology.
  • Centipedes and Millipedes, insects.
  • Centlivre, Susanna, British dramatist.
  • Cento, town, Italy.
  • Cento, composition made up of extracts.
  • Centorbi, town, Sicily.
  • Central America.
  • Central India Political Agency.
  • Central Provinces, India.
  • Centumviri, Roman judges.
  • Centurion, Roman military officer.
  • Ceos, island, Greece.
  • Cephalonia, island, Greece.
  • Ceram, island, Indian Archipelago.
  • Cerberus, in Greek mythology.
  • Cerdonians, Gnostic sect.
  • Ceres, in Roman mythology.
  • Cerignola, town, Italy.
  • Cerigo, island, Greece.
  • Cerigotto, island, Greece.
  • Cerinthus, early heretic.
  • Cerreto, town, Italy.
  • Cerro de Pasco, town, Peru.
  • Certaldo, town, Italy.
  • Cervantes-Saavedra, Miguel de, author of Don Quixote.
  • Cervia, town, Italy.
  • Cesari, Giuseppe, Italian painter.
  • Cesarotti, Melchiore, Italian poet.
  • Cesena, town, Italy.
  • Cespedes, Pablo de, Spanish painter and poet.
  • Cetacea, order of Mammals.
  • Cetina, Gutierre de, Spanish soldier and poet.
  • Cette, town, France.
  • Cettinje, or Cettinye, town, Montenegro.
  • Ceuta, town, Morocco.
  • Ceva, town, Italy.
  • Cévennes, mountains, France.
  • Ceylon.
  • Chablis, town, France.
  • Chabrias, Athenian general.
  • Chaderton, Laurence, English Puritan divine.
  • Chæroneia, or Chæronea, ancient town, Greece.
  • Chaffinch, bird.
  • Chagres, town, Panama.
  • Chalcedon, ancient town, Asia Minor.
  • Chalcis, town, Eubœa, Greece (See Eubœia).
  • Chaldea, or Chaldæa, ancient country, Asia (See Babylonia).
  • Chalk.
  • Challoner, Richard, English Roman Catholic bishop.
  • Chalmers, Alexander, English writer.
  • Chalmers, George, Scottish historiographer and antiquary.
  • Chalmers, Thomas, Scottish divine.
  • Chaloner, Sir Thomas, English statesman and poet.
  • Châlon-sur-Saône, town, France.
  • Châlons-sur-Marne, town, France.
  • Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeue de la, French politician (La Chalotais, q.v.).
  • Chalybäus, Heinrich Moritz, German philosopher.
  • Chamba, state, India.
  • Chamberlain.
  • Chambers, Ephraim, English encyclopædist.
  • Chambers, George, English painter.
  • Chambers, Robert, English writer and publisher.
  • Chambersburg, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • Chambéry, town, France.
  • Chambord, chateau, Loire-et-Cher, France.
  • Chameleon, kind of lizard.
  • Chamfort, Nicholas, French wit and writer.
  • Chamisso, Adalbert von, German writer.
  • Chamois, kind of antelope.
  • Chamomile, or Camomile, plant.
  • Chamouni, or Chamonix, village and valley, Savoy.
  • Champagne, province, France.
  • Champagne, Philippe de, Flemish painter.
  • Champaran, district, India.
  • Champeaux, William of, scholastic philosopher.
  • Champlain, Lake, New York and Vermont, U.S.A.
  • Champlain, Samuel de, French explorer and governor of Canada.
  • Champollion, Jean François, French Egyptologist.
  • Champollion-Figeac, Jean Jacques, French scholar.
  • Chancellor.
  • Chancery, Court of, England.
  • Chanda, district and town, India.
  • Chandarnagar, or Chundernagore, French settlement, India.
  • Chandler, Richard, British antiquary.
  • Chandler, Samuel, English Presbyterian divine.
  • Chang-Chow, town, China.
  • Channel Islands, England.
  • Channing, William Ellery, American theological writer.
  • Chantiban, town, Siam.
  • Chantilly, town, France.
  • Chantrey, Sir Francis, English sculptor.
  • Chapelain, Jean, French poet.
  • Chapel-Hill, town, North Carolina, U.S.A.
  • Chapman, George, English poet and dramatist.
  • Chappe, Claude, French engineer.
  • Chaptal, Jean Antoine, French chemist and statesman.
  • Chapter, of a cathedral (See Cathedral).
  • Chapu, town, China.
  • Charade.
  • Charcas (See Sucre).
  • Charcoal.
  • Chard, town, England.
  • Chardin, Sir John, traveller.
  • Charente, department, France.
  • Charente-Inférieure, department, France.
  • Charenton-le-Pont, town, France.
  • Chariot.
  • Charities, English.
  • Chariton, of Aphrodisias, Greek romancist.
  • Charlemagne (Charles the Great), emperor.
  • Charlemagne, Jean Armand, French dramatist.
  • Charlemont, citadel of Givet, France (See Givet).
  • Charleroi, town, Belgium.
  • Charles I., king of England.
  • Charles II., of England.
  • Charles I., the Bald (emperor Charles II.), king of France.
  • Charles II., the Fat (emperor Charles III.), of France.
  • Charles III., the Simple, of France.
  • Charles IV., the Fair, of France.
  • Charles V., the Wise, of France.
  • Charles VI., of France.
  • Charles VII., of France.
  • Charles VIII., of France.
  • Charles IX., of France.
  • Charles X., of France.
  • Charles I., the Great, emperor (Charlemagne, q.v.).
  • Charles II., the Bald, emperor (Charles I. of France, q.v.).
  • Charles III., the Fat, emperor (Charles II. of France, q.v.).
  • Charles IV., emperor.
  • Charles V. (Charles I. of Spain), emperor.
  • Charles VI., emperor.
  • Charles VII., emperor.
  • Charles I., king of Spain (Emperor Charles V., q.v.).
  • Charles II., of Spain.
  • Charles III., of Spain.
  • Charles IV., of Spain.
  • Charles IX., king of Sweden.
  • Charles X. (Charles Gustavus), of Sweden.
  • Charles XI., of Sweden.
  • Charles XII., of Sweden.
  • Charles XIII., of Sweden.
  • Charles XIV., of Sweden (Bernadotte, q.v.).
  • Charles XV., of Sweden.
  • Charles, count of Anjou and Provence, king of Naples.
  • Charles II., the Bad, of Navarre.
  • Charles IV., of Navarre.
  • Charles, or Charles Louis, archduke of Austria.
  • Charles, the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
  • Charles Albert, king of Sardinia.
  • Charles Augustus, grand-duke of Saxe-Weimar.
  • Charles Edward Stuart, prince.
  • Charles Emmanuel I., duke of Savoy.
  • Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, France.
  • Charleston, town, South Carolina, U.S.A.
  • Charlestown, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  • Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, French painter.
  • Charleville, town, France.
  • Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, French traveller.
  • Charlottenburg, town, Prussia.
  • Charlottesville, town, Virginia, U.S.A.
  • Charlottetown, town, Prince Edward Island, North America.
  • Charolles, town, France.
  • Charon, in Greek mythology.
  • Charondas, Greek lawgiver.
  • Charpentier, François, French archæologist.
  • Charron, Pierre, French philosopher.
  • Charter.
  • Charter-Party, shipping contract.
  • Chartier, Alain, French writer.
  • Chartism, movement for political reform.
  • Chartres, town, France.
  • Chartreuse, Le Grande, monastery, France.
  • Charybdis, whirlpool (See Scylla and Charybdis).
  • Chase, Salmon Portland, American statesman.
  • Chastelain, Georges, Burgundian chronicler.
  • Chastelard, Pierre Boscobel de, French poet.
  • Chateaubriand, François René, Vicomte de, French essayist.
  • Châteaubriant, town, France.
  • Châteaudun, town, France.
  • Château-Gontier, town, France.
  • Châteauroux, town, France.
  • Château-Thierry, town, France.
  • Châtellerault, town, France.
  • Chatham, town, England.
  • Chatham, First Earl of, (William Pitt), English statesman.
  • Chatham Islands, Pacific Ocean.
  • Châtillon-sur-Seine, town, France.
  • Chatsworth, seat of duke of Devonshire, Derby, England.
  • Chattanooga, town, Tennessee, U.S.A.
  • Chatterton, Thomas, English poet.
  • Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet.
  • Chaudes-Aigues, town, France.
  • Chaumont, town, France.
  • Chauny, town, France.
  • Chauvin, Étienne, French Reformed divine.
  • Chaux de Fonds, town, Switzerland.
  • Chaves, town, Portugal.
  • Chazelles, Jean Mattheiu de, French mathematician.
  • Cheduba, island, Bay of Bengal.
  • Che-Foo, or Yan-Tai, town, China.
  • Cheese.
  • Cheetah, or Hunting Leopard.
  • Cheke, Sir John, English scholar.
  • Chelmsford, town, England.
  • Chelsea, borough, London.
  • Chelsea, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  • Cheltenham, town, England.
  • Chemistry.
    • Historical Introduction.
    • ...
  • Chemnitz, town, Saxony.
  • Chemnitz, Martin, German Lutheran divine.
  • Chénier, André-Marie de, French poet.
  • Chénier, Marie-Joseph de, French poet and dramatist.
  • Cheops, Egyptian king.
  • Chephren, or Khafra, Egyptian king.
  • Chepstow, town, Monmouth, England.
  • Cheque, in banking.
  • Cher, department, France.
  • Cherasco, town, Italy.
  • Cherbourg, town, France.
  • Cheribon, town, Java.
  • Cherokees, American-Indian tribe.
  • Cherry, tree and fruit.
  • Cherso, island, Illyria.
  • Chersonese, peninsula.
  • Chertsey, town, England.
  • Cherubim, of Scripture.
  • Cherubini, M. L. Z. C. Salvatore, Italian musical composer.
  • Cherusci, ancient German tribe.
  • Cheshire, county, England.
  • Chesne, André du (Duchesne, q.v.).
  • Chesney, Charles Cornwallis, English military writer.
  • Chess, game.
  • Chester, town, England.
  • Chester, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • Chesterfield, town, England.
  • Chesterfield, Fourth Earl of.
  • Chester-le-Street, town, England.
  • Chestnut, tree and fruit.
  • Cheviot Hills, Great Britain.
  • Chézy, Antoine Léonard, French Orientalist.
  • Chhatisgarh, district, India.
  • Chhindwara, district and town, India.
  • Chiabrera, Gabriello, Italian lyric poet.
  • Chiaramonte, town, Sicily.
  • Chiari, town, Italy.
  • Chiavari, town, Italy.
  • Chiavenna, town, Italy.
  • Chicago, town, Illinois, U.S.A.
  • Chichele, or Chichely, Henry, archbishop of Canterbury.
  • Chichester, town, England.
  • Chickasaws, American-Indian tribe.
  • Chiclana, town, Spain.
  • Chicopee, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  • Chicory, plant.
  • Chieri, town, Italy.
  • Chieti, town, Italy.
  • Chihuahua, town, Mexico.
  • Childers, Robert Cæsar, English Orientalist.
  • Chili, or Chile, country, South America.
  • Chillan, town, Chili.
  • Chilianwala, India, Battle of (1849).
  • Chillicothe, town, Ohio, U.S.A.
  • Chillingworth, William, English divine.
  • Chilmaree, town, India.
  • Chiloe, island and province, Chili.
  • Chilon, Greek sage.
  • Chiltern Hills, England.
  • Chimæra, in Greek mythology.
  • Chimay, town, Belgium.
  • Chimpanzee, ape (See Ape).
  • China.
    • ...
  • Chincha Islands, Peru.
  • Chinchew, town, China.
  • Chinchilla, town, Spain.
  • Chinchilla, rodent mammal.
  • Chindwara (Chindwara, q.v.).
  • Chingleput.
  • Chin-hae, or Ching-hai, town, China.
  • Chin-keang Foo, town, China.
  • Chinon, town, France.
  • Chinsurah, town, India.
  • Chioggia, town, Italy.
  • Chios, Greek island (Scio, q.v.).
  • Chippenham, town, England.
  • Chippeways, American Indians (Ojibway, q.v.).
  • Chiron, in Greek mythology.
  • Chiswick, village, England.
  • Chittagong, district and town, India.
  • Chittagong Hill Tracts, district, India.
  • Chiusa, town, Italy.
  • Chiusi, town, Italy.
  • Chivasso, town, Italy.
  • Chlamydophore, edentate mammal.
  • Chloral, in chemistry.
  • Chlorine, chemical element.
  • Chloroform, in chemistry.
  • Chocolate, preparation from Cocoa.
  • Choctaws, North-American Indians.
  • Chodowiecki, Daniel Nicolas, Polish painter.
  • Choiseul, César, Duc de, French general.
  • Choiseul, Claude Antoine Gabriel, Duc de, French royalist.
  • Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de, French statesman.
  • Cholera.
  • Cholet, town, France.
  • Cholula, town, Mexico.
  • Chons, or Khuns, Egyptian diety.
  • Chopin, Frédéric François, Polish musical composer.
  • Chorea, disease.
  • Chorley, town, England.
  • Chorus, in the Greek drama (See Drama and Music).
  • Chosroes I., or Khosran I., king of Persia (See Khosru and Persia).
  • Chouans, royalist insurgents, France.
  • Chrestien, Florent, French satirist and Latin poet.
  • Chrestien de Troyes, early French romancist.
  • Christ, the Messiah.
  • Christchurch, town, England.
  • Christchurch, town, New Zealand.
  • Christiania, town, Norway.
  • Christianity.
  • Christiansand, town, Norway.
  • Christianstad, town, Sweden.
  • Christiansund, town, Norway.
  • Christina, queen of Sweden.
  • Christine de Pisan, early French writer.
  • Christmas Day.
  • Christopher, St.
  • Christopoulous, Athanasias, modern Greek poet.
  • Chromium, chemical element.
  • Chronicles, Books of.
  • Chronology.
  • Chronometer, timepiece.
  • Chrudim, town, Bohemia.
  • Chrysippus, Greek philosopher.
  • Chrysoloras, Manuel, Greek grammarian.
  • Chrysostom, John, St, archbishop of Constantinople.
  • Chubb, or Chub, fish (See Angling).
  • Chubb, Thomas, English deist.
  • Chunar, or Chunarghur, town, India.
  • Chund, or Chaud, Hindi writer.
  • Chuprah, town, India.
  • Chuquisaca, department, Bolivia (See Sucre).
  • Chur, town, Switzerland (Coire, q.v.).
  • Church, The.
  • Church History.
  • Churchill, Charles, English satirist.
  • Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough, English general (Marlborough, q.v.).
  • Churchyard, Thomas, English soldier and writer.
  • Chusan, island, China.
  • Chutia Nagpur, district, India.
  • Chutia Nagpur Tributary States, India.
  • Chutterpur, town, India.
  • Cibber, or Cibert, Caius Gabriel, Danish sculptor.
  • Cibber, Colley, English dramatist and laureate.
  • Cicacole, town, India.
  • Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and writer.
  • Cicognara, Leopoldo, Count, Italian archæologist.
  • Cid, The (Ruy Diaz Campeador), Spanish hero.
  • Cider, beverage.
  • Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de, Spanish poet.
  • Cigar.
  • Cignani, Carlo, Italian painter.
  • Cigoli, Luigi Cardi da, Italian painter.
  • Cilicia.
  • Cimabue, Giovanni, Italian painter.
  • Cimarosa, Domenico, Italian musical composer.
  • Cimbri, ancient Germanic tribe.
  • Cimmerii, or Cimmerians, ancient Scythian race.
  • Cimon, Athenian statesman and general.
  • Cinchona, tree and bark.
  • Cincinnati, town, Ohio, U.S.A.
  • Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, Roman hero.
  • Cineas, advisor of Pyrrhus.
  • Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, Roman consul.
  • Cinnabar, mineral.
  • Cinnamon, spice.
  • Cino da Pistoia (Guittorcino de' Sinibuldi), Italian poet and jurist.
  • Cinq-Mars, Marquis de, French courtier.
  • Cinque Ports, England.
  • Cintra, town, Portugal.
  • Cipher-Writing (Cryptography, q.v.).
  • Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, Italian painter.
  • Circar, province, India.
  • Circassia, region of the Caucasus.
  • Circe, in Greek mythology.
  • Circeii, ancient town, Italy.
  • Circuit, in law.
  • Circumcision.
  • Circus, Roman.
  • Cirencester, town, England.
  • Cirillo, Domenico, Italian physician and patriot.
  • Cirta (Constantine), ancient town, Africa.
  • Cis-Sutlej States, India.
  • Cistercians, order of monks.
  • Citeaux, village, France.
  • Cithæron, mountain, Greece.
  • Citric Acid.
  • Citron, tree and fruit.
  • Città della Pieve, town, Italy.
  • Città di Castello, town, Italy.
  • Città Vecchia, town, Malta.
  • City.
  • Ciudad Bolivar, town, Venezuela (Angostura, q.v.).
  • Ciudad Real, town, Spain.
  • Ciudad Real, town, Mexico (San Christobal, q.v.).
  • Ciudad Rodrigo, town, Spain.
  • Ciudadela, town, Minorca.
  • Civet, carnivorous mammal.
  • Cividale, town, Italy.
  • Civil Law.
  • Civita Castellana, town, Italy.
  • Civita di Penne, town, Italy.
  • Civita Vecchia, town, Italy.
  • Clackmannan, county, Scotland.
  • Clairault, Alexis-Claude, French mathematician.
  • Clamecy, town, France.
  • Clan.
  • Claparède, J. L. R. A. Édouard, Swiss naturalist.
  • Clapperton, Hugh, African traveller.
  • Clare, county, Ireland.
  • Clare, John, English poet.
  • Clarendon, First Earl of (Edward Hyde), English statesman and historian.
  • Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria, Italian musical composer.
  • Clarinet, musical instrument (See Musical Instruments).
  • Clark, Sir James, English physician.
  • Clark, Thomas, Scottish chemist.
  • Clarke, Adam, Wesleyan divine.
  • Clarke, Edward Daniel, English traveller.
  • Clarke, Samuel, English philosopher and theologian.
  • Clarkson, Thomas, English philanthropist.
  • Clauberg, John, German philosopher.
  • Claude, Jean, French Protestant writer.
  • Claude of Lorraine, founder of the Guise family.
  • Claudet, Antoine François, French photographer.
  • Claudianus, Claudius, Roman poet.
  • Claudius, Appius Cæcus, Roman patrician.
  • Claudius, Appius Crassus, Roman decemvir.
  • Claudius, Tiberius, Roman emperor.
  • Claudius, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor.
  • Claudius, Matthias, German poet.
  • Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, Spanish traveller.
  • Clay, Henry, American politician.
  • Clazomenæ, ancient town, Asia Minor.
  • Cleanthes, Greek philosopher.
  • Clearchus, Spartan general.
  • Clemens Alexandrinus, theologian.
  • Clement, popes.
  • Clement, François, French historian.
  • Clementi, Muzio, Italian musical composer.
  • Cleobulus, Greek sage.
  • Cleomenes, kings of Sparta.
  • Cleon, Athenian leader.
  • Cleopatra I.–VI., queens of Egypt.
  • Clepsydra, hydraulic clock.
  • Clerc, Jean le (Leclerc, q.v.).
  • Clergy.
  • Clergy, Benefit of, in law.
  • Clermont-Ferrand, town, France.
  • Clermont en Beauvoisis, town, France.
  • Clermont-l'Hérault, town, France.
  • Cleveland, town, Ohio, U.S.A.
  • Cleveland, John, English poet.
  • Cleves, town, Prussia.
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