Some or all works by this author are in the public domain in the United States because they were published before January 1, 1927.

The author died in 1937, so works by this author are also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. Works by this author may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

Some or all works by this author are in the public domain in the United States because they were first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and they were first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and they were in the public domain in their home country on the URAA date (January 1, 1996 for most countries).