Military career of Muhammad
Military career of Muhammad (c. 570 – 8 June 632), Islam lasted from 622 to 632, the last ten years of his life. He and his followers were expelled from the holy city of Mecca, controlled by the powerful Quraish tribe. He began to block the caravans of Mecca. After the first battle of Badr in 624, his power gradually increased and he began to influence other tribes through diplomacy or conquest.
| Muhammad | |
|---|---|
 Calligraphic representation of the name Muhammad | |
| Native name | أبو القاسم محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب (Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah ibn Abd ul-Muttalib) |
| Birth name | محمد بن عبدالله (Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah) |
| Born | 12 Rabi'I (c. 570) Mecca |
| Died | 12 Rabi'I AH 11 (8 June 632) Medina |
| Buried at | The Green Dome |
| Signature |  |
List of expeditions of Muhammad
| Name | Name | Leader | Location | C.E. date | Outcome | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seef ul-Bahr expedition | Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib | al-'Is | March 623 | No combat | |
| 2 | Batn Rabigh expedition | 'Ubaydah ibn al-Harith | Rabigh | April 623 | No combat | |
| 3 | al-Kharrar expedition | May 623 | No combat | |||
| 4(1) | Waddan patrol | Muhammad | al-Abwa' | August 623 | No combat | Alliance with Banu Damrah established |
| 5(2) | Buwat patrol | Buwat | September 623 | No combat | ||
| 6(3) | Safwan patrol (1st Badr) | Badr | September 623
(Rabi' I 2 AH) |
No combat | ||
| 7(4) | Patrol of Dhu al-'Ushairah | December 623 | No combat | Alliance with Banu Mudlij established | ||
| 8 | 1st Nakhlah Raid | 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh al-Asadi | Nakhlah | January 624 | Success | First successful raid |
| 9(5) | Badr al-Kubra' (2nd Badr) | Muhammad | Badr | 13 March 624
(17 Ramadan 2 AH) |
Victory | First victory |
| 10(6) | Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa | Muhammad | Medina | April 624 | Victory | Banu Qaynuqa' sent into exile |
| 11(7) | Sawiq patrol | May/June 624 | Inconclusive | Abu Sufyan ibn Harb burns 'Urayd farms; kills two Muslims | ||
| 12(8) | Al Kudr Invasion | Al Kudr | May 624 | Victory | ||
| 13 | Killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf | August/September 624 | Success | Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf killed | ||
| 14(9) | Dhu 'Amar raid | Muhammad | September 624 | Success | ||
| 15(10) | Buhran patrol | Buhran | October/November 624 | No combat | ||
| 16 | al-Qarada raid | al-Qarada
(in Najd) |
November 624 | Success | ||
| 17(11) | Battle of Uhud | Muhammad | Mount Uhud
(near Medina) |
23 March 625 | Stalemate | Tactical defeat; second major battle against the Meccans |
| 18(12) | Battle of Hamra' al-Asad | Hamra' al-Asad
(near Medina) |
March 625 | Victory | ||
| 19 | Qatan expedition | Abu Salama 'Abdullah ibn 'Abd al-Asad | Qatan | June 625 | No combat | |
| 20 | Killing of Sufyan ibn Khaled | Abdullah ibn Unais | June 625 | Success | Sufyan ibn Khaled, chief of the Banu Lahyan, is killed | |
| 21 | al-Raji expedition | al-Raji | July 625 | Banu Lahyan kill Muslim missionaries to avenge the killing of Sufyan ibn Khaled | ||
| 22 | Bi'r Ma'ona expedition | Bi'r Ma'ona | July 625 | Banu Amir kill Muslim missionaries | ||
| 23(13) | Invasion of Banu Nadir | Muhammad | Medina | August 625 | Victory | Banu Nadir sent into exile |
| 24(14) | Badr al-Maw'id expedition | Badr | April 626 | Victory | ||
| 25(15) | Dhat al-Riqa' expedition | Dhat al-Riqa' | June 626 | No combat | ||
| 26(16) | 1st Daumat al-Jandal expedition | Daumat al-Jandal | August/September 626 | No combat | ||
| 27 | al-Muraysi' expedition | January 627 | Victory | |||
| 28(17) | Battle of the Trench | Muhammad | Medina | April 627 | Victory | |
| 29(18) | Invasion of Banu Qurayza | May 627 | Victory | Men of the Banu Qurayza' executed; women and children enslaved | ||
| 30 | Dir'iyah raid | Muhammad ibn Maslamah | Dir'iyah | June 627 | Victory | |
| 31(19) | Invasion of Banu Lahyan | Muhammad | Batn Gharran | July 627 | No combat | |
| 32 | Dhu Qarad expedition | Dhu Qarad | August 627 | Partial success | ||
| 33 | 2nd Banu Asad raid | Ukasha ibn al-Mihsan | Ghamrah | August/September 627 | ||
| 34 | 1st Banu Tha'labah raid | August/September 627 | ||||
| 35 | 2nd Banu Tha'labah raid | August/September 627 | ||||
| 36 | al-Jumum expedition | Zayd ibn Harithah | Al Jumum | September 627 | ||
| 37 | al-'Is expedition | September/October 627 | ||||
| 38 | 3rd Banu Tha'labah raid | October/November 627 | ||||
| 39 | Hisma expedition | Zayd ibn Harithah | October/November 627 | |||
| 40 | Wadi al-Qurra' expedition | Wadi al-Qurra' | November/December 627 | |||
| 41 | 2nd Daumat al-Jandal expedition | 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf | Daumat al-Jandal | December 627/January 628 | ||
| 42 | 1st Fidak expedition | Fidak | December 627/January 628 | |||
| 43 | 2nd Wadi al-Qurra' expedition | Zayd ibn Harithah | Wadi al-Qurra' | 628 | ||
| 44 | Banu 'Uraynah raid | Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri | January/February 628 | |||
| 45 | Expedition of Abdullah ibn Rawaha | 'Abdullah ibn Rawaha | February/March 628 | |||
| 46(20) | Treaty of Hudaybiyyah | Muhammad | March 628 | 10-year truce signed | ||
| 47(21) | Conquest of Fidak | 'Ali ibn Abu Talib | Fidak | May 628 | Victory | |
| 48(22) | Battle of Khaybar | Muhammad | Khaybar | May/June 628 | Victory | |
| 49(23) | 3rd Wadi al-Qurra' expedition | Wadi al-Qurra' | May 628 | |||
| 50 | Turbah expedition | 'Umar ibn al-Khattab | Turbah | December 628 | ||
| 51 | Najd expedition | Abu Bakr as-Siddiq | Najd | December 628 | ||
| 52 | Fidak expedition | Bashir ibn Sa'ad al-Ansari | Fidak | December 628 | ||
| 53 | Mayfah expedition | Ghalib ibn 'Abdullah al-Laythi | January 629 | |||
| 54 | Yemen expedition | Bashir ibn Sa'ad al-Ansari | Yemen | February 629 | ||
| 55 | Banu Sulaym expedition | Ibn Abi al-Awja' al-Sulami | April 629 | |||
| 56 | 2nd Fidak expedition | Ghalib ibn 'Abdullah al-Laythi | Fidak | May 629 | ||
| 57 | al-Kadid expedition | June 629 | ||||
| 58 | al-Siyii expedition | Shuja' ibn Wahb al-Asadi | June 629 | |||
| 59 | Dhat 'Atlah expedition | Ka'b ibn 'Umair al-Ghirfari | July 629 | |||
| 60 | Battle of Mu'tah | Zayd ibn Harithah | Mu'tah | September 629 | Disputed | Three major Muslim generals killed |
| 61 | Dhat as-Salasil expedition | 'Amr ibn al-'As | October 629 | |||
| 62 | al-Khabt expedition | Abu 'Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah | October 629 | |||
| 63 | al-Ghaba expedition | Abu Hadrad al-Aslami | 629 | |||
| 64 | Khadirah expedition | Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari | December 629 | |||
| 65 | Batn 'Edam expedition | December 629 | ||||
| 66(24) | Conquest of Mecca | Muhammad | Mecca | January 630 | Victory | |
| 67 | Nakhlah expedition | Nakhlah | January 630 | |||
| 68 | Ruhat raid | Ruhat
(near Mecca) |
January 630 | Victory | ||
| 69 | al-Mashallal raid | al-Mashallal
(near Mecca) |
January 630 | |||
| 70 | Banu Jadhimah raid | Khalid ibn al-Walid | January 630 | |||
| 71(25) | Battle of Hunayn | Muhammad | Hunayn (near Mecca) | January 630 | Victory | |
| 72 | Dhu al-Kaffain expedition | Tufayl ibn 'Amr ad-Dausi | January 630 | Victory | ||
| 73(26) | Battle of Autas | Muhammad | Autas | 630 | Victory | |
| 74 | 1st Autas expedition | Abu Amir al-Ash'ari | January 630 | |||
| 75 | 2nd Autas expedition | Abu Musa al-Ash'ari | January 630 | |||
| 76(27) | Siege of Ta'if | Muhammad | February 630 | Inconclusive | ||
| 77 | Expedition of Uyainah bin Hisn | April/May 630 | ||||
| 78 | Expedition of Qutbah ibn Amir | May/June 630 | ||||
| 79 | Expedition of Dahhak al-Kilabi | June/July 630 | ||||
| 80 | Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz | July/August 630 | ||||
| 81 | al-Fuls expedition | 'Ali ibn Abu Talib | July/August 630 | |||
| 82 | 'Udhrah and Baliyy expedition | Ukasha ibn al-Mihsan | 630 | |||
| 83(28) | Tabuk expedition | Muhammad | October/December 630 | Inconclusive | ||
| 84 | 3rd Daumat al-Jandal expedition | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Daumat al-Jandal | October 630 | 9 | |
| 85 | Expedition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb | Abu Sufyan ibn Harb | 630 | 9 | ||
| 86 | Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar | Medina | 630 | Victory | ||
| 87 | 2nd Daumat al-Jandal expedition | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Daumat al-Jandal | April 631 | 9 | |
| 88 | Expedition of Surad ibn Abdullah | Surad ibn 'Abdullah | April 631 | 9 | ||
| 89 | Najran expedition | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Najran | June/July 631 | 10 | |
| 80 | Mudhij expedition | 'Ali ibn Abu Talib | December 631 | 10 | ||
| 91 | Hamdan expedition | 632 | 10 | |||
| 92 | Demolition of Dhu al-Khalasa | April 632 | 10 | |||
| 93 | Balqa' expedition | Usama ibn Zayd | Balqa' | May 632 | 10 |
Further reading
- Berger, Lutz (2016). Die Entstehung des Islam. Die ersten hundert Jahre (in German). C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3406696930.
- Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). Muhammad: Islam's First Great General. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806138602.
- Kister, M. J. (1986). "The Massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa: A Re-examination of a Tradition". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 8. ISSN 0334-4118.
- Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-0946621330.
References
- Abdel-Samad, Hamed (2016). Der Koran. Botschaft der Liebe. Botschaft des Hasses (in German). Droemer. ISBN 978-3426277010.
- Donner, Fred (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691101828.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). "Badr, Battle of". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC–CLIO. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-1598843361.
- Pickthall, Muhammad M. (1930). The Quran.
- Rodgers, Russ (2012). The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813042718.
- William Montgomery Watt (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press.
- William Montgomery Watt (1974). Muhammad: prophet and statesman. Oxford University Press.
- al-Mubarakpu. The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet.
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