Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, formerly the official name for Libya, was a state led by Muammar Gaddafi's unique political ideology, known as the Third International Theory. Gaddafi held power for over four decades until his overthrow in 2011. The regime faced international criticism for human rights abuses, and its collapse led to ongoing political instability and conflict in the region. In 1977 Libya became "Al-Jamahiriya al-`Arabiyah al-Libiyah ash-Sha`biyah al-Ishtirakiyah al-Uzma" . In English, the name means the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–1986) الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية al-Jamāhīrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha'bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1986–2011) الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى al-Jamāhīrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha'bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah al-'Uẓmá | |||||||||
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| 1977–2011 | |||||||||
.svg.png.webp) Coat of arms
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| Motto: وحدة ، حرية ، اشتراكية Waḥdah, Ḥurrīyah, Ishtirākīyah ("Unity, Freedom, Socialism") | |||||||||
| Anthem: الله أكبر Allahu Akbar ("God is Great") | |||||||||
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| Capital | Tripoli (1977–2011) Sirte (2011)[1] 32°52′N 13°11′E | ||||||||
| Largest city | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Official languages | Arabic[b] | ||||||||
| Spoken languages | |||||||||
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| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary Islamic socialist Jamahiriya | ||||||||
| Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution | |||||||||
• 1977–2011 | Muammar al-Gaddafi | ||||||||
| Secretary-General of the General People's Committee | |||||||||
• 1977–1979 (first) | Abdul Ati al-Obeidi | ||||||||
• 2006–2011 (last) | Baghdadi Mahmudi | ||||||||
| Legislature | General People's Congress | ||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War · War on Terror · Arab Spring | ||||||||
• People's Authority | 2 March 1977 | ||||||||
• First Civil War | 15 February 2011 | ||||||||
• Fall of Tripoli | 28 August 2011 | ||||||||
• Gaddafi killed | 20 October 2011 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 1,759,541 km2 (679,363 sq mi) (16th) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 2010 | 6,355,100 | ||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | ||||||||
• Total |  $58.3 billion | ||||||||
• Per capita | $14,364 [3] | ||||||||
| HDI (2009) | 0.847[4] very high | ||||||||
| Currency | Libyan dinar (LYD) | ||||||||
| Calling code | 218 | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | LY | ||||||||
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Name
The official name "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" was used for Libya from 1977 to 2011. "Jamahiriya" translates to "state of the masses" in Arabic, reflecting Muammar Gaddafi's political ideology. The term "Arab" denotes the country's cultural and linguistic affiliation.
History
The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, established by Muammar Gaddafi in 1977, was characterized by his unique political philosophy called "Jamahiriya," emphasizing direct people's rule. Gaddafi's rule faced both domestic opposition and international isolation. The nation experienced economic challenges, and Gaddafi's controversial policies led to conflicts, including the Lockerbie bombing. In 2011, the Arab Spring fueled a rebellion, resulting in NATO intervention and Gaddafi's overthrow. Post-Gaddafi Libya has struggled with political instability and security issues.
References
- "Libya crisis: Col Gaddafi vows to fight a 'long war'". BBC News. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- "L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde - Libye". Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf
- "Human Development Report 2009" (PDF). hdr.undp.org.