A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound [ʒ],[1] but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

Voiced postalveolar fricative
ʒ
IPA Number135
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0292
X-SAMPAZ
Braille⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

Transcription

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh Ʒ ʒ (/ɛʒ/), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is ž, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph zh.

palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ, ʒ]

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with g and j).

The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheжакӀэ/žače[ʒaːtʃʼa]'beard'
Albanianzhurmë[ʒuɾm]'noise'
ArabicMaghrebi[2]زوج[zuʒ]'husband'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[3]ժամ/žam[ʒɑm]'hour'
Assyrianܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ Ūrmıǰnaya[urmɪʒnaɪja]'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avarжакъа/žaqa[ˈʒaqʼːa]'today'
Azerbaijanijalüz[ʒalyz]'blinds'
Berta[ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ]'honey'
Bulgarianмъжът/mazhat[mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪]'the man'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Eastern Catalan gel [ˈʒel] 'ice'
Chechenжий / žiy[ʒiː]'sheep'
ChineseQuzhou dialect[ʒɑ̃]'bed'
Fuzhou dialect只隻[tsi˥˥ ʒieʔ˨˦]'this one'
Corsicanghjesgia[ˈɟeːʒa]'church'Also in Gallurese
Czechmuži[ˈmuʒɪ]'men'See Czech phonology
Dutchgarage[ɣäˈräːʒə]'garage'See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese chè [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Apical; not labialized; may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʐ] instead.
Englishvision[ˈvɪʒən]'vision'See English phonology
Esperantomanĝaĵo[mänˈd͡ʒäʒo̞]'food'See Esperanto phonology
French[4]jour[ʒuʁ]'day'See French phonology
GermanStandard[5]Garage[ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə]'garage'Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Georgian[6]ურნალი/žurnali[ʒuɾnali]'magazine'
Goemaizhiem[ʒiem]'sickle'
GreekCypriotγαλάζ̌ο/galažo[ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞]'sky blue'
Gwich’inzhòh[ʒôh]'wolf'
Hänzhùr[ʒûr]'wolf'
Hebrewז׳אנר[ʒaneʁ]'genre'Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindiझ़दहा/aždahá[əʒd̪əhaː]'dragon'See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarianzsa[ˈr̪oːʒɒ]'rose'See Hungarian phonology
Ingushжий/žiy[ʒiː]'sheep'
Italian Tuscanpigiare[piˈʒäːre]'press'See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanishmujer[muˈʒɛr]'woman'
Juǀ'hoanju[ʒu]'person'
Kabardianжыг/jığ[ʒəɣʲ]'tree'
Kabylejeddi[ʒəddi]'my grandfather'
Kashubian[7]żdi rôz[kʷʒdi rɞz]'constantly'
Kazakhжеті/jetı[ʒeti]'seven'
Latvianžāvēt[ˈʒäːveːt̪]'to dry'See Latvian phonology
Ligurianxe['ly:ʒe]'light'
LimburgishMaastrichtian[8]zjuweleer[ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊]'jeweller'Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9]
Lithuanianžmona[ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ]'wife'See Lithuanian phonology
Livonianž[kuːʒ]'six'
LombardWesternresgiôra[reˈʒu(ː)ra]'matriarch'
Macedonianжaбa/žaba[ˈʒaba]'toad'See Macedonian phonology
Megrelianირი/žiri[ʒiɾi]'two'
Navajołizh[ɬiʒ]'urine'
Neapolitansbattere[ˈʒbαttərə]'to slam'
Ngaszhaam[ʒaːm]'chin'
NgweMmockngie dialect[ʒíá]'to split'
OccitanAuvergnatargent[aʀʒẽ]'money'Southern dialects
Gascon[arʒen]
Pashtoژوول/žowul[ʒowul]'chew'
Persianمژه/moje[moʒe]'eyelash'See Persian phonology
PolishGmina Istebnazielony[ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ]'green'/ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant.
Lubawa dialect[10]
Malbork dialect[10]
Ostróda dialect[10]
Warmia dialect[10]
Portuguese[11][12]loja[ˈlɔʒɐ]'shop'Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology
Romani[ʒanel]'to know'
Romanianjar[ʒär]'embers'See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatianжут / žut[ʒûːt̪]'yellow'May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
SilesianGmina Istebna[16]These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ].
Jablunkov[16]
SiouxLakotawaŋži[wãˈʒi]'one'
Slovak žena [ʒena] 'woman' See Slovak phonology
Slovenežito[ˈʒìːt̪ɔ́]'cereal'See Slovene phonology
SpanishRioplatense[17]yo[ʒo̞]'I'Most dialects.[17] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Ecuadorian Andean Spanish[18]ellos[eʒos]'they'See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Tadaksahak[ˈʒɐwɐb]'to answer'
Tagish[ʒé]'what'
Turkishjale[ʒɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]'dew'Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology
Turkmenžiraf[ʒiraf]'giraffe'
TutchoneNorthernzhi[ʒi]'what'
Southernzhǜr[ʒɨ̂r]'berry'
Ukrainianжaбa/žaba[ˈʒɑbɐ]'frog'See Ukrainian phonology
Urduاژدہا/ajdahá[əʒd̪ahaː]'dragon'See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Vepsž[viːʒ]'five'
Welayta[aʒa]'bush'
West Frisianbagaazje[bɑˈɡaʒə]'luggage'See West Frisian phonology
Yiddishאָראַנזש[ɔʀanʒ]'orange'See Yiddish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[19]llan[ʒaŋ]'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by ж is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠˔
ɹ̝˗
IPA Number151 414 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\_-_r

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ɹ̠˔ (retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Dutch[20]meer[meːɹ̠˔]'lake'A rare post-vocalic allophone of /r/.[21] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Manxmooar[muːɹ̠˔]'lake'In free variation with other coda allophones of /r/.[22]

See also

Notes

  1. "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  2. Watson (2002:16)
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
  4. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. 1 2 Mangold (2005:51)
  6. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  7. "Projekt Rastko Kaszuby - Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
  8. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  9. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  11. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  12. Medina (2010)
  13. Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  14. Silva (2003:32)
  15. Guimarães (2004)
  16. 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  17. 1 2 Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
  18. Argüello, Fanny M. (1980-03-10). "El rehilamiento en el español hablado en la región andina del Ecuador". Lexis (in Spanish). 4 (2): 151–155. doi:10.18800/lexis.198002.003. ISSN 0254-9239. S2CID 170724900.
  19. Merrill (2008:108)
  20. Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98 and 101–102)
  21. Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97 and 102)
  22. Broderick (1986:17–8)

References

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