Trofimov (feminine form: Trofimova) is a Russian family name derived from the first name Trofim and literally meaning "Trofim's". The Ukrainian-language form is transliterated in the same as Russian; the Belarusian-language form is Trafimau/Trafimaw.

The surname may refer to the following notable people.

A

• Aleksandr Trofimov (actor) (born 1952), Soviet and Russian actor
• Aleksandr Trofimov (footballer) (1937–2002), Soviet and Azerbaijani footballer
• Anatoly Trofimov (1940−2005), deputy director of the Russian Federal Security Service
• Andrei Trofimov (born 1985), Russian footballer

B

• Boris Aleksandrovich Trofimov (born 1938), Soviet chemist

K

• Kyrill Nikolayevich Trofimov (1921−1987), Soviet general

M

• Mikhail Trofimov (born 1974), Russian professional football player

N

• Nina Gopova-Trofimova (born 1953), Soviet sprint canoer
• Nikolay Trofimov (1920–2005), Soviet actor

R

• Roman Sergeevich Trofimov (born 1989), Russian ski jumper

S

• Sergei Trofimov (born 1966), Russian singer-songwriter

U

• Ulyana Trofimova (born 1990), Uzbekistani rhythmic gymnast

V

• Vasili Trofimov (1919–1999), Soviet football (soccer) and hockey player, multiple USSR champion
• Vikentii Trofimov (1878–1956), Russian painter
• Viktor Trofimov (1938–2013), former Soviet international speedway rider

Y

• Yaroslav Trofimov (born 1969), Ukrainian-born Italian author and journalist
• Yuri Trofimov (born 1984), Russian road bicycle racer

Z

• Zakhar Trofimov (1897–1961), Soviet general

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