Field Marshal
The insignia of a field marshal as worn on epaulettes
The Earl Roberts painted 1906 in the full dress uniform of a Field Marshal in the British Army
CountryUnited Kingdom
Service branchBritish Army
AbbreviationFM
Rank groupFlag officer
RankFive-star rank
NATO rank codeOF-10
Non-NATO rankO-11
Formation1736
Next higher ranknone
Next lower rankGeneral
Equivalent ranksAdmiral of the Fleet (RN)
Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF)

Field marshal (FM) has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Navy or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the Royal Air Force (RAF). A Field Marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaves below the Tudor Crown. Like Marshals of the Royal Air Force and Admirals of the Fleet, Field Marshals traditionally remain officers for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment or retired.[1][2] The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history, and was vacant during parts of the 18th and 19th centuries (when all former holders of the rank were deceased). After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (later renamed Chief of the General Staff) to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all the British Armed Forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.[3]

In total, 141 men have held the rank of field marshal. The majority led careers in the British Army or the colonial British Indian Army, rising through the ranks to eventually become a field marshal. Some members of the British Royal Family; most recently Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Charles III, were promoted to the rank after shorter periods of service. Three British monarchs; George V, Edward VIII, and George VI, assumed the rank on their accessions to the throne, while Edward VII and Charles III were already field marshals, and two British consorts; Albert, Prince Consort and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were appointed by their respective queens. Other ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. Twelve foreign monarchs held the honour, though three (Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary; and Hirohito, Emperor of Japan) were stripped of it when their countries became enemies of Britain and its allies in the two world wars. Also awarded the rank were one Frenchman (Ferdinand Foch) and one Australian (Sir Thomas Blamey), honoured for their contributions to World War I and World War II respectively, and one South African statesman (Jan Smuts).[4]

A report commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1995 made a number of recommendations for financial savings in the armed forces' budget, one of which was the abolition of all five-star ranks. Part of the rationale was that these ranks were disproportionate to the size of the forces commanded by these officers, and that none of the United Kingdom's close allies, such as the United States (which reserves the rank of general of the army for officers who have commanded large armies in major wars), used such ranks. The recommendation was not taken up in full, but the practice of promoting service chiefs to five-star ranks was stopped, and the ranks are now reserved for special circumstances. Sir Peter Inge was, in 1994, the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. Inge relinquished the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) in 1997, and his successor, Sir Charles Guthrie, was the first officer not to be promoted upon appointment as CDS, although he was promoted to the honorary rank of field marshal in June 2012.[5]

The most recent promotions to field marshal came in 2012, eighteen years after the moratorium on routine promotions to the rank, when Queen Elizabeth II promoted Prince Charles, her son and heir apparent, to the five-star ranks in all three services, in recognition of support provided for her in her capacity as Head of the British Armed Forces.[6] At the same time, Guthrie, who relinquished the post of CDS and retired from active service in 2001, was promoted to honorary field marshal.[7] In June 2014, former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Walker of Aldringham was also promoted to honorary field marshal.[8]

Although the rank of field marshal is not used in the Royal Marines, the insignia is used on the uniform of the Captain General, the ceremonial head of the corps (equivalent to colonel-in-chief).[9]

Insignia of rank

Field Marshal's uniform and baton (pertaining to the late Sir John Stanier) on display in the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Museum, Edinburgh Castle.

The rank insignia of a field marshal in the British Army comprises two crossed batons in a wreath of laurel leaves, with a crown above.[10] In some other countries, historically under the sphere of British influence, an adapted version of the insignia is used for field marshals, often with the crown being replaced with an alternative cultural or national emblem. On appointment, British field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped baton which they may carry on formal occasions.

List of field marshals

A bronze cross pattée bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion with the inscription 'FOR VALOUR'.  A crimson ribbon is attached.
Four field marshals were also recipients of the Victoria Cross, the UK's highest award for gallantry.

The vast majority of officers to hold the rank of field marshal were professional soldiers in the British Army, though eleven served as officers in the British Indian Army. At least fifty-seven field marshals were wounded in battle earlier in their careers, of whom 24 were wounded more than once, and eight had been prisoners of war. Fifteen future field marshals were present at the Battle of Vitoria, where the Duke of Wellington earned the rank, and ten others served under Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. However, only thirty-eight held independent commands in the field, and just twelve served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (the pre-1904 professional head of the army) or Chief of the Imperial General Staff during a major war.[11]

Four field marshals; Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George White, Earl Roberts, and Lord Gort, had previously received the Victoria Cross (VC), the United Kingdom's highest and most prestigious award for gallantry 'in the face of the enemy'. Wood, a famously injury-prone officer, was awarded the VC for two actions in 1858, in which he first attacked a group of rebels in India, and later rescued an informant from another group of rebels. White, a cavalry officer, led two charges on enemy guns in Afghanistan in 1879, while Gort, of the Grenadier Guards, commanded a series of attacks while severely wounded during the First World War in 1918. Roberts received his VC for actions during the Indian Mutiny.[12][13][14][15][16]

Wellington, 44 at the time of his promotion, was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of field marshal. Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91, while a further twenty-three officers were promoted to field marshal in their eighties. Wellington was also the only field marshal to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[17]

No officer whose career was spent in the British Army has ever reached the rank of field marshal without having served in the cavalry, infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Artillery, or Royal Engineers.[17] One non-British officer has been appointed field marshal in the British Army; Ferdinand Foch of France, in recognition of his contributions in the First World War, while one, Sir William Robertson, held every rank in the British Army, from private soldier to field marshal.[18]

Field Marshals of the British Army
name and style[lower-alpha 1] regiment[lower-alpha 2] image born promotion date[19] died
George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney Royal Regiment of FootGeorge Douglas-Hamilton166612 January 1736[20]1737
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll Earl of Argyll's Regiment of FootJohn Campbell168014 January 1736[21]1743
Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon Horse Guards RegimentRichard Boyle16742 July 1739[22]1740
François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre 16722 July 1739[23]1739
John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of FootJohn Dalrymple167318 March 1742[24]1747
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham 6th Regiment of FootRichard Temple166914 December 1742[25]1749
George Wade Earl of Bath's RegimentGeorge Wade167314 December 1742[26]1748
Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet Grenadier Guards (1st Foot Guards)168528 November 1757[27]1768
Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth Royal ScotsRichard Molesworth168029 November 1757[28]1758
John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier 10th Regiment of FootJohn Ligonier168030 November 1757[29]1770
James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot16901 June 1763[30]1773
Henry Seymour Conway 5th Royal Irish LancersHenry Seymour Conway172112 October 1793[31]1794
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 13th Regiment of FootPrince William Henry174312 October 1793[32]1805
Sir George Howard 24th Regiment of FootGeorge Howard172012 October 1793[33]1796
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Grenadier GuardsPrince Frederick176310 February 1795[34]1827
John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll Royal Scots FusiliersJohn Campbell172330 July 1796[35]1806
Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst Grenadier GuardsJeffery Amherst171730 July 1796[36]1797
John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden Scots GuardsJohn Griffin171930 July 1796[37]1797
Studholme Hodgson Grenadier GuardsStudholme Hodgson170830 July 1796[38]1798
George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend 7th Queen's Own HussarsGeorge Townshend172430 July 1796[39]1807
Lord Frederick Cavendish Coldstream Guards172930 July 1796[40]1803
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond Coldstream GuardsCharles Lennox173530 July 1796[41]1806
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Royal FusiliersPrince Edward17675 September 1805[42]1820
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 33rd Regiment of FootArthur Wellesley176921 June 1813[43]1852
Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale — (Royal Family;
afterwards King of Hanover)
Ernest Augustus I17716 November 1813[44]1851
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Hanoverian GuardsPrince Adolphus177426 November 1813[45]1850
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Scots GuardsPrince William Frederick177624 May 1816[46]1834
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha — (Royal Family;
afterwards King of the Belgians)
Leopold I179024 May 1816[47]1865
Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda 12th DragoonsCharles Moore173019 July 1821[48]1821
William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt Grenadier GuardsWilliam Harcourt174319 July 1821[20]1830
Sir Alured Clarke 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of FootAlured Clarke174522 July 1830[49]1832
Sir Samuel Hulse Grenadier GuardsSamuel Hulse1747 or 174822 July 1830[50]1837
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha — (Royal Family)Prince Albert18198 February 1840[51]1861
William II — (King of the Netherlands)William II179228 July 1845[52]1849
Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of FootGeorge Nugent17579 November 1846[53]1849
Thomas Grosvenor Grenadier GuardsThomas Grosvenor17649 November 1846[54]1851
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers)Henry Paget17689 November 1846[55]1854
FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan 4th Light DragoonsFitzRoy Somerse17885 November 1854[56]1855
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere 23rd Regiment of FootStapleton Cotton17732 October 1855[57]1865
John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford 33rd Regiment of FootStapleton Cotton17722 October 1855[58]1860
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge Queen's RangersHenry Hardinge17852 October 1855[59]1856
John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton East Devonshire RegimentJohn Colborne17791 April 1860[60]1863
Sir Edward Blakeney 99th Regiment of FootEdward Blakeney17789 November 1862[61]1868
Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough Seaforth HighlandersHugh Gough17799 November 1862[62]1869
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 12th Royal LancersPrince George18199 November 1862[63]1904
Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of FootColin Campbell17929 November 1862[64]1863
Sir Alexander Woodford 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of FootAlexander Woodford1782 1 January 1868[65]1870
Sir William Gomm 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of FootWilliam Gomm17841 January 1868[66]1875
Sir Hew Ross Royal ArtilleryHew Ross17791 January 1868[67]1868
Sir John Burgoyne Royal EngineersJohn Burgoyne17821 January 1868[68]1871
Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet Bengal ArtilleryGeorge Pollock178624 May 1870[69]1872
Sir John FitzGerald — (retired)178529 May 1875[70]1877
George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale Grenadier GuardsGeorge Hay178729 May 1875[71]1876
King Edward VII — (Royal Family)Edward VII184129 May 1875[72]1910
Sir William Rowan 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of FootWilliam Rowan17892 June 1877[73]1879
Sir Charles Yorke 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of FootCharles Yorke17902 June 1877[74]1880
Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of FootHugh Rose18012 June 1877[75]1885
Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala Bengal Engineer GroupRobert Napier18101 January 1883[76]1890
Sir Patrick Grant 11th Bengal Native InfantryPatrick Grant180424 June 1883[77]1895
Sir John Michel 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of FootJohn Michel180427 March 1886[78]1886
Sir Richard Dacres Royal ArtilleryRichard Dacres179927 March 1886[79]1886
Lord William Paulet 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)William Paulet180410 July 1886[80]1893
George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan 6th Regiment of FootGeorge Bingham180021 June 1887[81]1888
Sir Lintorn Simmons Royal EngineersLintorn Simmons182121 May 1890[82]1903
Sir Frederick Haines 4th Regiment of FootFrederick Haines181821 May 1890[83]1909
Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet 9th Bengal Native InfantryDonald Stewart182424 May 1894[84]1900
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley 12th Regiment of FootGarnet Wolseley183324 May 1894[85]1913
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, VC Bengal ArtilleryFrederick Roberts183225 May 1895[86]1914
Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar 67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of FootPrince Edward182322 June 1897[87]1902
Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain 55th Bengal Native InfantryNeville Chamberlain182025 April 1900[88]1902
Wilhelm II, German Emperor — (German Emperor; King of Prussia)Wilhelm II185927 January 1901[89]1941
Sir Henry Norman 1st Bengal Native InfantryHenry Norman182626 June 1902[90]1904
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Royal EngineersPrince Arthur185026 June 1902[91]1942
Sir Evelyn Wood, VC 13th Light DragoonsEvelyn Wood18388 April 1903[92]1919
Sir George White, VC 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of FootGeorge White18358 April 1903[93]1912
Franz Joseph I of Austria — (Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary)Franz Joseph I18301 September 1903[94]1916
Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell King's Royal Rifle CorpsFrancis Grenfell184111 April 1908[95]1925
Sir Charles Brownlow 51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)Charles Brownlow183120 June 1908[96]1916
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener Royal EngineersHerbert Kitchener185010 September 1909[97]1916
King George V Royal Welsh Fusiliers — (Royal Family)George V18657 May 1910[98]1936
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen Scots GuardsPaul Methuen184519 June 1911[99]1932
William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson Royal EngineersWilliam Nicholson184519 June 1911[100]1918
John French, 1st Earl of Ypres 8th King's Royal Irish HussarsJohn French18523 June 1913[101]1925
Nicholas II of Russia — (Emperor of Russia)Nicholas II18681 January 1916[102]1918
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 7th Queen's Own HussarsDouglas Haig18611 January 1917[103]1928
Sir Charles Egerton 31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot Sir Charles Egerton184816 March 1917[104]1921
Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) — (Emperor of Japan)Taishō18791 January 1918[105]1926
Ferdinand Foch 35th Artillery Regiment – (French Army)Ferdinand Foch185119 July 1919[106]1929
Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer York and Lancaster RegimentHerbert Plumer185731 July 1919[107]1932
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby 6th (Inniskilling) DragoonsEdmund Allenby186131 July 1919[108]1936
Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)Henry Wilson186431 July 1919[109]1922
Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet 3rd Dragoon GuardsWilliam Robertson186029 March 1920[110]1933
Sir Arthur Barrett 44th (East Essex) Regiment of FootArthur Barrett185712 April 1921[111]1926
Albert I of Belgium — (King of the Belgians)Albert I18754 May 1921[112]1934
William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood Royal Scots FusiliersWilliam Birdwood186520 March 1925[113]1951
Sir Claud Jacob Worcestershire RegimentClaud Jacob186330 November 1926[114]1948
George Milne, 1st Baron Milne Royal ArtilleryGeorge Milne186630 January 1928[115]1948
Alfonso XIII of Spain — (King of Spain)Alfonso XIII18863 June 1928[116]1941
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) — (Emperor of Japan)Hirohito190126 June 1928[117]1989
Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy King's Royal Rifle CorpsJulian Byng186117 July 1932[118]1935
Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan Grenadier GuardsRudolph Lambart186531 October 1932[119]1946
Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light InfantryPhilip Chetwode186913 February 1933[120]1950
Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd Royal ArtilleryArchibald Montgomery-Massingberd18717 June 1935[121]1947
King Edward VIII — (Royal Family)Edward VIII189421 January 1936[122]1972
Sir Cyril Deverell West Yorkshire RegimentCyril Deverell187415 May 1936[123]1947
King George VI — (Royal Family)George VI189512 December 1936[124]1952
Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside Royal ArtilleryEdmund Ironside188020 July 1940[125]1959
Jan Smuts — (South African Army)Jan Smuts187024 May 1941[126]1950
Sir John Dill Prince of Wales's Leinster RegimentJohn Dill188118 November 1941[127]1944
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, VC Grenadier GuardsJohn Vereker18861 January 1943[128]1946
Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell Black WatchArchibald Wavell18831 January 1943[129]1950
Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke Royal ArtilleryAlan Brooke18831 January 1944[130]1963
Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis Irish GuardsHarold Alexander18914 June 1944[131]1969
Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Royal Warwickshire RegimentBernard Montgomery18871 September 1944[132]1976
Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)Henry Maitland Wilson188129 December 1944[133]1964
Sir Claude Auchinleck 62nd Punjabis (Indian Army)Claude Auchinleck18841 June 1946[134]1981
William 'Bill' Slim, 1st Viscount Slim Royal Warwickshire RegimentWilliam Slim18914 January 1948[135]1970
Sir Thomas Blamey — (Australian Army)Thomas Blamey18848 June 1950[136]1951
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Royal Navy – (Royal Family)Prince Philip192115 January 1953[137][138]2021
John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton Somerset Light InfantryJohn Harding189621 July 1953[139]1989
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester King's Royal Rifle CorpsPrince Henry190031 March 1955[140]1974
Sir Gerald Templer Royal Irish FusiliersGerald Templer189827 November 1956[141]1979
Sir Francis Festing Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)Francis Festing19021 September 1960[142]1976
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah — (King of Nepal)Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah192017 October 1962[143]1972
Haile Selassie I — (Emperor of Ethiopia)Haile Selassie I189220 January 1965[144]1975
Sir Richard Hull 17th/21st Lancers19078 February 1965[145]1989
Sir James Cassels Seaforth Highlanders190729 February 1968[146]1996
Sir Geoffrey Baker Royal ArtillerySir Geoffrey Baker191231 January 1971[147]1980
Michael Carver, Baron Carver Royal Tank Corps191518 July 1973[148]2001[149]
Sir Roland Gibbs King's Royal Rifle Corps192113 July 1979[150]2004[151]
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah — (King of Nepal)Birendra Bir Bikram Shah194518 November 1980[152]2001[153]
Edwin Bramall, Baron Bramall King's Royal Rifle CorpsEdwin Bramall19231 January 1982[154]2019[155]
Sir John Stanier 7th Queen's Own Hussars192510 July 1985[156]2007[157]
Sir Nigel Bagnall Green Howards19279 September 1988[158]2002[159]
Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill Royal Artillery19312 April 1991[160]2018
Sir John Chapple 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)193114 February 1992[161]2022
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Royal Scots Greys – (Royal Family)Prince Edward193511 June 1993[162]living
Peter Inge, Baron Inge Green HowardsPeter Inge193515 March 1994[163]2022
King Charles III Welsh Guards, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force – (Royal Family)Charles, Prince of Wales194816 June 2012[7]living
Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank Welsh GuardsCharles Guthrie193816 June 2012[7]living
Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham Royal Anglian RegimentMichael Walker194413 June 2014[8]living

See also

Notes

  1. Titles and styles are those held by the field marshal when they died, or those currently held in the case of living field marshals; in most cases, these are not the same as the titles and styles held by an officer upon their promotion to the rank, nor (in the case of operational field marshals) those held when the officer retired from active service. All post-nominal letters, with the exception of 'VC' (denoting the Victoria Cross) are omitted.
  2. The regiment given is the regiment into which the field marshal was commissioned. This is not necessarily the regiment the officer first joined, nor is it necessarily the regiment in which the officer spent most of his career. An '—' indicates either that the officer did not lead a career in the British Army, or that the officer was not initially commissioned into a formal regiment.

References

Footnotes

  1. Brewer's Dictionary.
  2. The Daily Telegraph & 12 April 2008.
  3. Heathcote, p. 4.
  4. Heathcote, p. 1.
  5. "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.
  6. "The Queen appoints the Prince of Wales to honorary five star". PrinceOfWales.gov.uk. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 BBC News & 16 June 2012.
  8. 1 2 Ministry of Defence & 13 June 2014.
  9. "Photograph of Prince Philip as Captain General Royal Marines wearing the insignia of a field marshal". GettyImages.com. Getty Images. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  10. Dress Regulations for the Army. London, England: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1934. p. 3.
  11. Heathcote, p. 2.
  12. Ashcroft, pp. 79–81.
  13. London Gazette 4 September 1860.
  14. London Gazette 3 June 1881.
  15. London Gazette 26 November 1918.
  16. London Gazette 24 December 1858.
  17. 1 2 Heathcote, p. 7.
  18. Woodward, David R. (May 2006) [September 2004]. "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35786. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  19. Heathcote, pp. 320–326, Table 1.
  20. 1 2 Heathcote, pp. 166–167.
  21. Heathcote, pp. 71–73.
  22. Heathcote, pp. 52–53.
  23. Heathcote, pp. 99–101.
  24. Heathcote, pp. 97–99.
  25. Heathcote, pp. 272–273.
  26. Heathcote, pp. 285–287.
  27. Heathcote, pp. 245–246.
  28. Heathcote, pp. 211–212.
  29. Heathcote, pp. 202–204.
  30. Heathcote, pp. 234–235.
  31. Heathcote, pp. 92–94.
  32. Heathcote, pp. 302–303.
  33. Heathcote, pp. 179–180.
  34. Heathcote, pp. 127–130.
  35. Heathcote, pp. 73–75.
  36. Heathcote, pp. 23–26.
  37. Heathcote, pp. 153–154.
  38. Heathcote, pp. 178–179.
  39. Heathcote, pp. 277–279.
  40. Heathcote, pp. 82–83.
  41. Heathcote, pp. 199–200.
  42. Heathcote, pp. 112–113.
  43. Heathcote, pp. 291–295.
  44. Heathcote, pp. 116–118.
  45. Heathcote, pp. 9–10.
  46. Heathcote, pp. 301–302.
  47. Heathcote, pp. 200–202.
  48. Heathcote, pp. 222–223.
  49. Heathcote, pp. 89–90.
  50. Heathcote, pp. 182–183.
  51. Heathcote, pp. 12–13.
  52. Heathcote, pp. 297–299.
  53. Heathcote, pp. 232–234.
  54. Heathcote, pp. 154–155.
  55. Heathcote, pp. 235–237.
  56. Heathcote, pp. 267–269.
  57. Heathcote, pp. 94–96.
  58. Heathcote, pp. 63–64.
  59. Heathcote, pp. 171–173.
  60. Heathcote, pp. 90–92.
  61. Heathcote, pp. 46–47.
  62. Heathcote, pp. 148–150.
  63. Heathcote, pp. 141–144.
  64. Heathcote, pp. 69–71.
  65. Heathcote, pp. 316–318.
  66. Heathcote, pp. 146–148.
  67. Heathcote, pp. 255–256.
  68. Heathcote, pp. 60–63.
  69. Heathcote, pp. 243–245.
  70. Heathcote, pp. 121–122.
  71. Heathcote, pp. 173–174.
  72. Heathcote, pp. 105–108.
  73. Heathcote, pp. 256–257.
  74. Heathcote, pp. 318–319.
  75. Heathcote, pp. 253–255.
  76. Heathcote, pp. 223–225.
  77. Heathcote, pp. 150–151.
  78. Heathcote, pp. 207–208.
  79. Heathcote, pp. 96–97.
  80. Heathcote, pp. 237–238.
  81. Heathcote, pp. 41–43.
  82. Heathcote, pp. 257–259.
  83. Heathcote, pp. 163–165.
  84. Heathcote, pp. 270–272.
  85. Heathcote, pp. 311–314.
  86. Heathcote, pp. 246–250.
  87. Heathcote, pp. 114–115.
  88. Heathcote, pp. 83–85.
  89. Heathcote, pp. 299–301.
  90. Heathcote, pp. 230–232.
  91. Heathcote, pp. 26–28.
  92. Heathcote, pp. 314–316.
  93. Heathcote, pp. 295–297.
  94. Heathcote, pp. 125–127.
  95. Heathcote, pp. 151–153.
  96. Heathcote, pp. 59–60.
  97. Heathcote, pp. 191–197.
  98. Heathcote, pp. 135–137.
  99. Heathcote, pp. 205–207.
  100. Heathcote, pp. 228–230.
  101. Heathcote, pp. 130–135.
  102. Heathcote, pp. 225–228.
  103. Heathcote, pp. 155–160.
  104. Heathcote, pp. 115–116.
  105. Heathcote, pp. 319–320.
  106. Heathcote, pp. 122–125.
  107. Heathcote, pp. 240–243.
  108. Heathcote, pp. 19–23.
  109. Heathcote, pp. 303–308.
  110. Heathcote, pp. 250–253.
  111. Heathcote, pp. 39–41.
  112. Heathcote, pp. 10–12.
  113. Heathcote, pp. 43–45.
  114. Heathcote, pp. 190–191.
  115. Heathcote, pp. 208–211.
  116. Heathcote, pp. 17–19.
  117. Heathcote, pp. 176–178.
  118. Heathcote, pp. 64–69.
  119. Heathcote, pp. 197–199.
  120. Heathcote, pp. 86–89.
  121. Heathcote, pp. 219–222.
  122. Heathcote, pp. 108–112.
  123. Heathcote, pp. 101–102.
  124. Heathcote, pp. 137–141.
  125. Heathcote, pp. 185–190.
  126. Heathcote, pp. 264–267.
  127. Heathcote, pp. 102–105.
  128. Heathcote, pp. 279–283.
  129. Heathcote, pp. 287–291.
  130. Heathcote, pp. 56–59.
  131. Heathcote, pp. 13–17.
  132. Heathcote, pp. 212–219.
  133. Heathcote, pp. 308–311.
  134. Heathcote, pp. 28–35.
  135. Heathcote, pp. 259–264.
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  137. Heathcote, pp. 238–240.
  138. "No. 39752". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 January 1953. p. 339.
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  140. Heathcote, pp. 174–176.
  141. Heathcote, pp. 273–277.
  142. Heathcote, pp. 118–121.
  143. Heathcote, pp. 204–205.
  144. Heathcote, pp. 160–163.
  145. Heathcote, pp. 180–182.
  146. Heathcote, pp. 79–82.
  147. Heathcote, pp. 37–39.
  148. Heathcote, pp. 75–79.
  149. The Guardian & 12 December 2001.
  150. Heathcote, pp. 144–146.
  151. The Daily Telegraph & 2 November 2004.
  152. Heathcote, pp. 45–46.
  153. BBC News & 2 June 2001.
  154. Heathcote, pp. 53–56.
  155. "Ex-Armed Forces head Lord Bramall dies aged 95". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  156. Heathcote, pp. 269–270.
  157. The Times & 13 November 2007.
  158. Heathcote, pp. 35–37.
  159. The Independent & 11 April 2002.
  160. Heathcote, pp. 283–285.
  161. Heathcote, pp. 85–86.
  162. Heathcote, pp. 113–114.
  163. Heathcote, pp. 183–185.

Works cited

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