Cahuapanan
Kawapanan
Geographic
distribution
Peru
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jibaro ?
  • Cahuapanan
Subdivisions
Glottologcahu1265

The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact.[1]

Varieties

  • Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit)
    • Chayahuita dialect
    • Cahuapana dialect
  • Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila)

Glottolog classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi.

Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968):[2]

  • Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department
  • Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattested)
  • Pamdabegue - once spoken on the Aipena River and Paranapura River in Loreto Department (unattested)
  • Miguira (Shuensampi, Miquira, Mikirá[3]) - extinct language once spoken in the single village of Maucallacta on the Paranapura River

Proto-language

Proto-Cahuapanan
Proto-Kawapanan
Reconstruction ofCahuapanan languages

Rojas-Berscia (2019)

Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.[4]

glossProto-KawapananShawiShiwilu
agouti*îtɘʔihtɘʔɘttʃɘk
Aipena River*aîpina ~ *îpinaaipinaɘrpina
anona*aɘ ~ *ɘɘ-(ʃa), aɘɘk-pi
apangora crab*sîwaʃiwasɘrwa
armadillo*tiʔlɘ(ʔ)tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘtʃiʔlɘk
bat*isɘʔisɘʔiʃɘk
belly*yuʔyoʔð̞u ʔ
bird*iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔinansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-railansɘrʔ
bite*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-kɘ-tɘ-ki-tɘk-
blood*wɘLa-yɘʔwɘna-iʔwɘkla-ð̞ek
boa*kupi-wankopi-wankupiwan
boquichico*wankîwankiwankɘr-tʃɘk
breadfruit*pîtupitopɘttʃu
brother (of a woman)*yuʔyuʔyoʔyoʔyuyuʔ
burn (vt.)*yiʔsîʔ-iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ð̞iʔsɘrʔ-
carry*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔpɘ-piʔpɘk-
chest*tiʔ-tɘʔtɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’tʃiʔ-tɘk
choro monkey*suluʔsoroʔsuluʔ
cicada*kaʼyulakaʔyorakað̞ula
condor*tamɘtamɘtamɘk
coto monkey*luʔluʔnoʔnoʔluʔluʔ
cover:CL*-tɘʔ-tɘʔ-tɘk
cunchi*tuʔwantoʔwantuʔwan
cunchi (fish sp.)*ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-Laikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}aikɘλa-la
cunchi, tullu uma*tuʔwantoʔwantuʔwan
curassow*iʼsaiʔsaiʃa
ear*wɘwɘ-ra-tɘʔwɘk
earth*luʔpaʔnoʔpaʔluʔpaʔ
earth:CL*-luʔ-nuʔ- luʔ
egg*kayuʔkayoʔkað̞uʔ
evening star*îʔwa-yuiʔwa-yoɘrʔwa-ð̞u
feather, bodily hair*anpuluʔanporoʔanpuluʔ
fire*pɘnpɘnpɘn
firewood*yiwɘiwɘð̞iwɘk
fish*samîsamisamɘr
floodplain*titɘ(ʔ)-pitɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-witʃitɘk-pi-luʔ
flower*yankuyankoð̞anku
foot*lan-tɘʔnan-tɘʔlan-tɘk
genipa*ɘsaisaɘksa
giant armadillo*ipɘɘpɘ ~ ipɘipɘk
hair*aîn ~ *înainɘrn
head*mutuʔmotoʔmutuʔ
horn*pɘnmunpomonpɘnmun
house*piyɘʔpɘiʔpið̞ɘk
huaman samana tree*anpîniananpiniananpɘnɲan
huangana*lamannamanlaman
huasaco*aʔlananaʔnananaʔlanan
huito tree*ɘsaisaɘksa
husband*suʔyasuʔya, suʔ-insuð̞a, suð̞-in
irapai palm*panpɘpanpɘpanpɘk-lu
jaguar*niʼniʔniʔniʔɲiɲiʔ(-wa)
knee*tuʔtuʔpitoʔtopituʔtuʔpi
leaf for the roof*paLipani-rapaʎi
leg*tuLatonatula
liquid:CL*-yɘʔ-iʔ-ð̞ɘk
lisa fish*nîka-lanika-ranɘrka-la
louse*timɘntɘmɘntʃimɘn
macana fish*sîʼwi(n)ʃiʔwi-roʔsɘrwin
maize*tiʔtîʔʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔtʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ
mammal sp.*puʔsîpoʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’
manioc*kîʔkiʔkɘrʔ
maquisapa*tuʼyatoʔyatuð̞a
moriche palm*tipîʃipi < *tîpîtʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ
mosquito net*tipî-tɘʔʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔtʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk
mouth, language*lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔnanan / nanam-ɘn
musmuque monkey*kuyɘkuwikuð̞ɘk
nail*tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-latoʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔtuʔtɘk-la
name*linlinnininʎinʎin
nose*nî-tɘʔni-tɘʔnɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk
opossum*ana-sîanaʃianasɘr
otter*yɘnniinið̞ɘnɲi
over*ayi-ai-að̞i-
pain in the eye*yaʼpi-yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ð̞api-
pineapple*sînpaʃinpasɘrnpa
platanillo*tankutanko ‘platanillo’tanku ‘banana’
porcupine*sisɘ(ʔ)sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘsisɘk ~ siʔsɘk
pressing with fingernails*yɘʔ-iʔ-ð̞ɘk-
pucacuru ant*lipînipilipɘr-λa
pus*yuLîʔyoniʔð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ
rain*uʔlanoʔnanuʔlan
recently/late, afternoon*îʔwaiʔwaɘrʔwa
reed*siwî(n)ʃiwisiwɘn-ɲan
river mouth*tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam-tʃinpinam-ɘntʃinpɘnɲan
root*i-tɘʔi-tɘʔi-tɘk
rope*iLa-linina-rinila-ʎin
sachavaca, tapir*panwalapawarapanwala
sand*yî-luʔ-tɘʔi-nu-tɘʔð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk
scare*ayi(ʔ)wanaiwanað̞iwan-
shrimp*wanwan-ʃawan-ʃɘn
sister (of a man)*utîoʃi, uʃiutɘr
sister (of a woman)*kayɘkai, 3 kai-nkað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n
sour*aî- ~ *î-ai-ɘr-
sweet*kasî-kaʃikasɘr
termite*îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l...iʔtɘrɘʔɘttʃɘkla
thief (> to steal)*apî(ʔ)apiʔapɘr-
thin*simɘnʃimɘn-simɘn
thorn*lawannawanlawan
tick*tɘpatɘpatɘkpa
to believe*latɘ(ʔ)-natɘ-latɘk-
to bite*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-kɘtɘ-kitɘk
to burn*aʼpɘ(ʔ)-aʔpɘ-apɘk-
to burn (vt.)*yiʔsîʔ-iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî-ð̞iʔsɘrʔ
to bury*paʼpîʔ-paʔpi-papɘrʔ-
to carry*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔpɘ-piʔpɘk-
to climb*nanpɘ(ʔ)-nanpɘ-nanpɘk-
to come*wɘʔ-wɘʔ-wɘk-
to crawl*patɘ(ʔ)-patɘ-patɘk-
to cut*pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔtɘ-pɘktɘk-
to die*timin-tʃimin-tʃimin-
to die out*takîʔ-taki-takɘrʔ
to eat, to have sex*kaʔ-kaʔ-kaʔ-
to end*nanîʔ-nani- ‘to end’nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’
to fly*pɘn-pɘn-pɘn-
to fry, to singe*kɘ-, *kɘ-t-kɘ-t-kɘk-
to gnaw*wɘLu-wɘno-wɘklu-
to jump*inyɘ(ʔ)-nii-inð̞ɘk
to kneel*iyɘnsun-ison-yɘnsun-
to know*luwî-nowi-luwɘr-
to meet (to find?)*kapîʔ-na-kapi-kapɘrʔ-
to plant*tîaʔ-ʃaʔ-tɘra-
to pour*pasîʔ-paʃi- ‘to perfume’pasɘrʔ-
to see*liʔ-niʔ-ʎiʔ-
to sting*wî-wi-wɘr-
to suck, to lick*iluʔ-iro-iluʔ-
to sweep*witɘ(ʔ)-wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’witɘk-
to tie*tɘnpuʔ-tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo-tɘnpuʔ-
to untie*ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî-iʔki-ri-ɘkkɘr
tocon monkey*tukuntokontukun
tongue*ninɘ(ʔ)-lanɘnɘ-raɲinɘk-la
toucan*yuʼwinyoʔwinð̞uwin
trace*îʔlaiʔna-ɘrʔʎa
vein, sinew, tendon*îpa-tɘʔipa-tɘʔɘrpa-tɘk
vine:CL*-lin-rin-lin
vulture*supuʔsopoʔsupuʔ
water*yɘʔð̞ɘk
who*yɘninð̞ɘn
wound (> to get spoilt, ugly)*apîʔapiʔapɘrʔ
yanguaturi (armadillo sp.)*ipɘɘpɘ/ipɘipɘk
you*kɘnmakɘmakɘnma

Valenzuela (2011)

Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.[5]

no.Spanish glossEnglish glossProto-CahuapanaJeberoChayahuita
1yo, me, a míI*kʷakʷa, -kuka, ku
2you*kɨmakənmakɨma
3anosotros (exclusivo)we (exclusive)*k[u/i]jakuðakija
3bnosotros (inclusivo)we (inclusive)*k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ)kənmuʔwakanpuwa, kamuwa
4estethis*[a/i]suʔasuʔisuʔ
5él, ellahe, she*[na/i]nananainá
6¿quién?who?ðənintaʔ
7¿qué?what?*ma(ʔ)maʔnənmaʔtaʔ
8nono*kuʔkuʔlaʔkuʔ
9atodosall (pl.)iɲəɾðapəɾkaʔipinan
9btodoall (sg.)iɲəjaʔipiɾa
10muchomany*na(ʔ)ku(n)nakusuʔnaʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.")
11unoone*a(ʔ)ɾaʔalaʔsaʔaʔnaʔ
12dostwo*katuʔkatuʔtaʔkatuʔ
13grandebigaʔʎupipanka
14largolongʃinnapuɾupi
15pequeñosmallaʔməɾwaʔwiʃin
16mujerwomankuʔapəɾsanapi
17hombre, varónman, maleənmupinənkɨmapi
18personapersonmuðaʔpijapi
19pájarobirdʃunpulainaiɾa
20ajaguarjaguar*ni[ʔ]niʔɲiɲiʔniʔniʔ
20bperrodogɲiɲiʔwaniʔniɾa
21piojolouse*timɨntʃiməntɨmɨn
22árboltree*naɾanalanaɾa
23semilla, ojoseed, eye*ɾajalaða-ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed")
24hojasheetlaluməkwɨɾun-
25raízroot*itɨkiɾəkitɨʔ
26cortezabarktʃipiɾəkʃaʔwɨtɨʔ
27pielskintʃipitəkʃaʔwɨtɨʔ
28carnemeattʃutʃunuʃa
29sangreblooduklaðəkwɨnaiʔ
30huesobone*ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔlansiʔnansɨʔ
31grasafat, grease*ijaija-ija- 'freír'
32fuegofire*pɨnpənpɨn
33huevoegg*kajuʔkaðuʔkajuʔ
34sangrebloodwiʔwəkpumun
35huesoboneʎintəkwinan
36plumafeather*anpuɾuʔanpuluʔanpuɾuʔ
37pezfish*samisaməɾsami
38pelohair*ain(tɨk)əntʃəkain
39cabezahead*mutuʔmutuʔmutuʔ
40orejaear*w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨkwiʔwəkwɨɾatɨʔ
41ojoeye*ja(ʔ)piðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts")jaʔpiɾa
41bojo, caraeye, facelaða-ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier")
42uñanail*tuʔtɨ(k)ɾatuʔtəklatuʔtɨɾatɨʔ
43respirarbreathe*n[i/ɨ]tɨknəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək)nitɨʔ
44bocamouth*ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n]laʔlaʔnanan
45dientetooth*ɾatɨklatəknatiʔ
46lenguatongue*ninɨkɾaɲinəklanɨnɨɾa
47piefoot*ɾantɨklantəknantɨʔ
48rodillaknee*tutuʔtu[ʔ]pituʔtuʔpituʔtupitɨʔ
49manohanditəklaimiɾa
50barrigabelly*juʔməɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts")juʔnau
51cuelloneck*kuɾupikulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple")kunupi
52senobreastmuðinʃuʔʃu
53corazónheart*jinɾupiðinlupininupi
54hígadoliver*kankankankankankan
55beberdrink*uʔu-u-uʔu
56comereat*kaʔkaʔ-kaʔ
57morderbite*kitɨ(k)kitək-kɨtɨ-
58versee*ɾiʔʎiʔ-niʔ-
59oírhearlawək-natan-
60saberknowɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch")nitotɨ-
61dormirsleep*w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ)witʃiʔ-wɨʔɨ-
62morirdie*timintʃimin-tʃimin-
63matarkillðiʔ-tɨpa-
64nadarswim*(i)juniðun-jun-
65volarfly*pɨnpənnuʔ-pɨn-
66irgo*paʔpaʔ-paʔ-
67venircome*wɨ(k)wək-wɨ-
68estar echado, echarselying downpəkkwaʔ-kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down")
69estar sentado, sentarseseatedðuʔ-wɨnsɨ-
70estar paradostanding up*waniwanəɾ-wani-
71dargiveənkaʔ-kɨtɨ-
72decirsay*it(ɨ/u)(i)ɾ-itɨ- 'dice' ("say")
73solsunkəkkipiʔi
74lunamoon*jukiðukəɾjuki
75estrellastar*ta(n)juɾatanðulatajuɾa
76aguawaterðəkiʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river")
77lluviarain*uʔɾanuʔlanuʔnan
78piedrastone*ɾaʔpilaʔpinaʔpi
79arenasandðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔinutɨʔ
80tierraearth*ɾu(ʔ)paʔlupaʔnuʔpaʔ
81nubecloudðinpanluʔtəkwiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ
82humosmokekəʎukunaiʔ
83cenizaashes*jaɾuʔpənðaluʔjanuʔ
84quemar(se)burn*w[i/ɨ](ʔ)kiwəʔkəɾ-wiki-
85caminoroadintʃilalaiɾa
86acerromountain*mutupimutupimutupi
86bselvajungle*tanantanantanan
87rojoredpipəɾkɨwan
88verdegreenwawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque")kanuɾa
89amarilloyellow*ʃaʔpi(ʔ)ʃaʔpiʔʃaʔpitun
90blancowhiteðaðawiɾitun
91negroblackkəɾjaɾatun
92nochenightkasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark")taʃiʔ
93gusanoworm*kuwi(ʔ)kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm")kuwiʔ
94fríocoldsanəksɨwɨn
95llenofullmuɾmɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full")
96nuevonew*nanalunaʃa
97buenogoodmukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful")nuja
98redondoroundmunkunputʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi
99secodryən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry")jakɨn
100nombrename*ɾiɾinʎi(n)ʎinninin

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages.[2]

glossCahuapanaChayavitaJeberoMiquirá
one arahanáaláʔatsa
two katukatókatáta
three karakarákála
head mutumostómótohu-mato
ear buekwuiratéwuíoga
tooth natenatélátek
fire puínpuíngpönpunga
stone napínapíláʔapinapi
sun kékipiíkökikogua
moon matáshiyuxkírúkörrúki
maize tötrlashiʔishíchíterchichi
dog nininiʔínininínini
boat nũngñongñungnunga

Further reading

  • Hart, H. L. (1988). Diccionario chayahuita-castellano (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 29). Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Summer Institute of Linguistics.

References

  1. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  2. 1 2 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. Lingua Posnaniensis I: 53-82.
  4. Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and change. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
  5. Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar. 2011. Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: comparación léxica y gramatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Aru, Simi, Taqu, Lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 271-304. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAWAPANA
  • Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar, 2011, Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: Comparación léxica y grammatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In W.F.H. Adelaar, P. Valenzuela Bismarck & R. Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Estudios en lenguas andinas y amazónicas. Homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, pp. 271–304. Lima: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
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