Iguanomorpha
Temporal range: Early Jurassic - present,
Leiocephalus personatus, a species of iguanian
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Clade: Toxicofera
Clade: Iguanomorpha
Sukhanov, 1961
Suborder: Iguania
Cope, 1864
Families

Iguania is an infraorder of squamate reptiles that includes iguanas, chameleons, agamids, and New World lizards like anoles and phrynosomatids. Using morphological features as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form the sister group to the remainder of the Squamata,[1] which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to the Anguimorpha and closely related to snakes.[2] The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified by Charles Lewis Camp in 1923 due to difficulties finding adequate synapomorphic morphological characteristics.[3] Most Iguanias are arboreal but there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy, non-prehensile tongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons. The group has a fossil record that extends back to the Early Jurassic (the oldest known member is Bharatagama, which lived about 190 million years ago in what is now India).[4] Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.[5]

Classification

The Iguania currently include these extant families:[6][7]

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Daza et al. (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:[3]

Iguanomorpha

Hoyalacerta sanzi

Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus

Pristiguana brasiliensis

Iguania
Chamaeleontiformes

Mimeosaurus crassus

Priscagama gobiensis

Phrynosomimus asper

Acrodonta

Physignathus

Agama

Uromastyx

Leiolepis

Rhampholeon

Brookesia

Iguanoidea (=Pleurodonta)

Polrussia mongoliensis

Igua minuta

Isodontosaurus gracilis

Anchaurosaurus gilmorei

Zapsosaurus sceliphros

Saichangurvel davidsoni

Temujinia ellisoni

Ctenomastax parva

Silvaiguana
Hoplocercidae

Enyalioides

Morunasaurus

Hoplocercus

Polychrotidae

Polychrus gutturosus

Polychrus marmoratus

Polychrus femoralis

Afairiguana avius

Leiosaurus

Anisolepis

Enyalius

Pristidactylus

Anolis electrum

Anolis occultus

Anolis heterodermus

Anolis vermiculatus

Euiguana
Corytophanidae

Laemanctus

Basiliscus

Corytophanes

Terraiguana

Iguanidae

Crotaphytidae

Crotaphytus

Gambelia

Phrynosomatidae

Phrynosoma

Uta

Petrosaurus

Sceloporus

Urosaurus

Opluridae

Chalarodon madagascariensis

Oplurus quadrimaculatus B

Oplurus quadrimaculatus A

Oplurus cyclurus

Uquiasaurus

Liolaemidae

Phymaturus

Ctenoblepharys

Liolaemus

Leiocephalus

Tropiduridae

Stenocercus

Tropidurus

Uranoscodon

The extinct Arretosauridae (Paleogene iguanians from Central Asia) are alternatively classified in either the Acrodonta with other Old World iguanians, or in Pleurodonta as a sister group to the Crotaphytidae.[8][9]

Conservation status

As of 2020 The IUCN Red List of endangered species lists 63.3% of the species as Least concern, 6.7% Near Threatened, 8.2 vulnerable, 9.1% endangered, 3.1% critically endangered, 0.3 extinct and 9.2% data deficient. The major threats include agriculture, residential and commercial development.[10]

References

  1. Gauthier, Jacques A.; Kearney, Maureen; Maisano, Jessica Anderson; Rieppel, Olivier; Behlke, Adam D. B. (April 2012). "Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 53 (1): 3–308. doi:10.3374/014.053.0101. S2CID 86355757.
  2. Vidal, N.; Hedges, S. B. (2005). "The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (10–11): 1000–1008. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. PMID 16286089.
  3. 1 2 Daza, Juan D.; Abdala, Virginia; Arias, J. Salvador; García-López, Daniel; Ortiz, Pablo (2012). "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina". Journal of Herpetology. 46 (1): 104–119. doi:10.1670/10-112. hdl:11336/61054. JSTOR 41515023. S2CID 85405843.
  4. Evans, Susan E.; Prasad, G. V. R.; Manhas, B. K. (8 July 2002). "Fossil lizards from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (2): 299–312. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0299:FLFTJK]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 131207549.
  5. Moody, Scott M. (June 1985). "Charles L. Camp and His 1923 Classification of Lizards: An Early Cladist?". Systematic Zoology. 34 (2): 216–222. doi:10.2307/2413329. JSTOR 2413329.
  6. Wiens, John J.; Hutter, Carl R.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Townsend, Ted M.; Sites, Jack W.; Reeder, Tod W. (23 December 2012). "Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species". Biology Letters. 8 (6): 1043–1046. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703. PMC 3497141. PMID 22993238.
  7. Schulte, James A.; Valladares, John Pablo; Larson, Allan (2003). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Iguanidae Inferred Using Molecular and Morphological Data and a Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards". Herpetologica. 59 (3): 399–419. doi:10.1655/02-48. JSTOR 3893615. S2CID 56054202.
  8. Alifanov, V. R. (2012-07-01). "Lizards of the family Arretosauridae Gilmore, 1943 (Iguanomorpha, Iguania) from the Paleogene of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 46 (4): 412–420. Bibcode:2012PalJ...46..412A. doi:10.1134/S0031030112040028. ISSN 1555-6174. S2CID 119087759.
  9. Bolet, Arnau; Stubbs, Thomas L; Herrera-Flores, Jorge A; Benton, Michael J (2022-05-03). Zhu, Min; Perry, George H; Zhu, Min (eds.). "The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates". eLife. 11: e66511. doi:10.7554/eLife.66511. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9064307. PMID 35502582.
  10. https://www.iucnredlist.org/%5B%5D

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.