Kalam language

Kalam
Kalam
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Middle Ramu District, Madang Province;; Mount Hagen District, Western Highlands Province
Native speakers	(15,000 cited 1991)
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Madang Rai Coast–Kalam Kalamic Kalam; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kmh
Glottolog	kala1397

Kalam is a Kalam language of Papua New Guinea. It is closely related to Kobon, and shares many of the features of that language. Kalam is spoken in Middle Ramu District of Madang Province and in Mount Hagen District of Western Highlands Province.^[2]

Thanks to decades of studies by anthropologists such as Ralph Bulmer and others, Kalam is one of the best-studied Trans-New Guinea languages to date.

Dialects

There are two distinct dialects of Kalam that are highly distinguishable from each other.^[3]

Etp, with 20,000 speakers, is centered in the Upper Kaironk and Upper Simbai Valleys.
Ti, with 5,000 speakers is centered in the Asai Valley. It includes the Tai variety.

Kobon is closely related.

Kalam has an elaborate pandanus avoidance register used during karuka harvest that has been extensively documented. The Kalam pandanus language, called alŋaw mnm (pandanus language) or ask-mosk mnm (avoidance language), is also used when eating or cooking cassowary.^[4]

Phonology

Consonants

^[5]^: 5
	Bilabial	Dental- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial- velar
Voiceless stops	p	t	c	k
Voiced prenasalized stops	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᶮɟ	ᵑg
Nasals stops	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Voiceless fricative		s
Lateral		l
Semivowels			j		w

Vowels

^[5]^: 6
	Front	Central	Back
High	(i)		(u)
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Evolution

Below are some Kalam reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012, 2018).^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8] Data is from the Etp dialect unless otherwise noted. Data from Ti, the other major dialect, is also given when noted.

proto-Trans-New Guinea	Kalam
(?)*su- ‘bite’	su-
*(mb,m)elak ‘light, lightning, brightness’	melk [melɨk] ‘light’
*[w]ani ‘who?’	an
*am(a,i) ‘mother’	ami
*ambi ‘man’	b [mbə]
*apus[i] ‘grandparent’	aps [aβɨs] ‘grandmother’
*aya ‘sister’	ay
*-i(t,l) ‘2DL verbal suffix’	-it
*iman ‘louse’	iman
*imbi ‘name’	yb [yimp]
*-it ‘2/3 dual verbal suffix’	-it
*k(aw,o)nan ‘shadow/spirit’	kawnan ‘spirit of the dead’
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’	koŋam (metathesis) (cf. Kobon uŋam, loss of *k)
*kakV- ‘carry on shoulder’	kak-
*kamb(a,u)u[na] ‘stone’	kab [kamp]
*kanim ‘cuscus’	kmn ‘game mammal (generic)’
*kin(i,u)[m]- ‘sleep’	kn- [kɨn]
*kindil ‘root’	kdl [kɨndɨl]
*kinV- ‘sleep’	kn-
kumut, tumuk ‘thunder’	tumuk
*kumV- ‘die’	kum-
*m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’	muk (Ti dialect mok)
*ma- ‘not’	ma-
*ma(n,k,L)[a] ‘ground’	man
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth’	meg [meŋk]
*maŋgV ‘compact round object, egg’	magi
*mapVn ‘liver’	mapn
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’	malaŋ, maŋlaŋ
*mbapa ‘father’	bapi
*mo[k,ŋg]Vm ‘joint’	mogm
*muk ‘brain’	muk
*muk ‘milk’	muk (Ti dialect mok)
*mund-maŋgV ‘heart’	mudmagi
*mV ‘taro’	m
*mVkVm ‘jaw, cheek’	mkem ‘cheek’
*mVn[a]-‘be, live, stay’	md-
*n(o,u)man ‘mind, soul’	noman ‘soul’
*na ‘1SG’	-n-, -in ‘1SG subj. agreement’
*niman ‘louse’	iman
*nok ‘water’	ñg
*nu ‘1PL independent’	-nu-, -un ‘1PL subj. agreement’
*nV ‘child’	ñi ‘son’
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’	ng- (Ti dialect), nŋ- ‘see, perceive, etc.’
*ŋaŋ[a] ‘baby’	-ŋaŋ ‘baby’
*panV ‘female’	pañ ‘daughter’
*sambV ‘cloud’	seb [semp]
*saŋ ‘story, song’	saŋ ‘women’s song’
*saŋgil ‘hand, finger’	(?) saglaŋ ‘little finger’
*si(m,mb)(i,u) ‘guts’	sb [sɨmp]
*sisi	ss [sɨs] ‘urine’
*sVkVm ‘smoke’	skum, sukum
*takVn[V] ‘moon’	takn [taɣɨn]
*tu ‘axe’	tu
*tuk- ‘cut’	tk- ‘sever’
tumuk, kumut ‘thunder’	tumuk
*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’	tk- ‘sever, cut off’
*-un ‘1st plural subject’	-un
*-Vn ‘1SG subj. agreement’	-n, -in
*walaka ‘testicles’	walak
*wani ‘who?’	an
*wati ‘fence’	wati
*yaka ‘bird’	yakt

Verbs

Kalam has eight tense-aspect categories. There are four past tenses, two present tenses, and two future tenses, which are all marked using suffixes:^[7]

past habitual
remote past (yesterday or earlier)
today's past
immediate past
present habitual
present progressive
immediate future
future

Intransitive verbs in Kalam can be classified as either active or stative. Some active intransitive verbs are:^[7]

am- ‘go’
kn- ‘sleep’
jak- ‘stand, dance’
kum- ‘die, cease to function’

Some stative verbs are:^[7]

pag- ‘(of things) break, be broken’
sug- ‘(of a fire) go out’
yn- ‘burn, be burnt, fully cooked’
wk- ‘(of solid objects and surfaces) crack, burst, shatter’

Serial verb constructions

Transitivity is derived using resultative or cause-effect serial verb constructions.^[7]

(1)

pak	sug-
strike	extinguished

‘put out a fire’

(2)

pak	wk-
strike	shattered

‘knock something to bits, shatter something’

(3)

pug	sug-
blow	extinguished

‘blow out a flame’

(4)

puŋi	ask-
pierce	opened

‘prise something open’

(5)

puŋi	lak-
pierce	split

‘split something by wedging or levering’

(6)

taw	pag	yok-
step.on	broken	displaced

‘break something off by stepping on it’

(7)

tb	kluk	yok-
cut	gouge	displaced

‘gouge something out’

Other serial verb constructions in Kalam include:^[7]^: 117

d ap (get come) ‘bring’
d am (get go) ‘take’
am d ap (go get come) ‘fetch’
d nŋ (touch perceive) ‘feel’
ñb nŋ (eat perceive) ‘taste’
tb tk (cut sever) ‘cut off’

Nouns

Compounds

Some examples of nominal compounds in Kalam:^[7]

(1)

bin-b

woman-man

‘person, people’

(2)

ña-pañ

son-daughter

‘child, children’

(3)

aps-basd

grandmother-grandfather

‘grandparents’

(4)

ami-gon bapi-gon

mother-children father-children

‘nuclear family, parents and children’

(5)

kmn-as

game.mammal-small.wild.mammal

‘wild mammals’

(6)

kaj-kayn-kobti

pig-dog-cassowary

‘large animals’

(7)

kmn-kaj-kobti

game.mammal-pig-cassowary

‘animals that provide ceremonially valued meat’

(8)

mñ-mon

vine-tree

‘land, country, territory, world’

(9)

kneb	ameb	owep	wog	wati	gep
sleeping	going	coming	garden	fence	making

‘everyday activities’

Animal names

Fauna classification (folk taxonomy) in the Kalam language has been extensively studied by Ralph Bulmer and others. Kalam speakers classify wild mammals into three major categories:^[7]

kmn ‘game mammals, larger wild mammals’: tree kangaroos, wallabies, cuscuses, ringtail possums, giant rats, and bandicoots
as ‘small wild mammals’: most bush-rats, sugar gliders, and pygmy possums (including Pogonomys spp., Melomys spp., and Phascolosorex dorsalis^[9])
kopyak ‘dirty rats’ (Rattus spp.^[9])

Other animal categories are:^[7]

yakt ‘flying birds and bats’
kobti ‘cassowaries’
kaj ‘pigs’ (formerly including cattle, horses, and goats when first encountered by the Kalam)
kayn ‘dogs’
soyŋ ‘certain snakes’
yñ ‘skinks’

Rodent names include:^[6]

House Rat (Rattus exulans, Rattus niobe, Rattus ruber) – kopyak ~ kupyak
Garden Rat (Rattus ruber) – kopyak gulbodu
Long-snouted Rat (Rattus verecundus) – sjaŋ
Small Mountain Rat (Rattus niobe) – katgn
Prehensile-tailed Rat (Bush-tailed Giant Rat) (Pogonomelomys sevia) – ymgenm ~ yamganm, beŋtud, gtkep
Giant Bamboo Rat (Rothschild's Woolly Rat) (Mallomys rothschildi) – mosak; aloñ, kabkal, maklek
Giant Cane Rat (Hyomys goliath) – mumuk
Grassland Melomys Rat (Melomys rufescens) – alks
Lorentz's Rat (Melomys lorentzii, Melomys platyops) – mug; moys (M. lorentzii spreads Pandanus julianettii (alŋaw) seeds, according to the Kalam)
rat that feeds on pandanus nuts (Anisomys imitator) – gudi-ws ~ gudl-ws
Highland Giant Tree Rat (Uromys anak) – abben
Lowland Giant Tree Rat (Uromys caudimaculatus) – kabkal
Mountain Water-rat (Hydromys shawmayeri) – kuypep kuykuy-sek
Waterside Rat (Parahydromys asper) – godmg, ñabap
Earless Water Rat (Crossomys moncktoni) – kuypep
small rat, found near homesteads – walcegon

Marsupial names include:^[6]

Pseudochirops corinnae (Golden or Stationary Ringtail) – wcm; puŋi-mdep; wlpog
Pseudochirops cupreus (Copper Ringtail) – ymduŋ; bald, kagm, kas-gs, tglem-tud
Pseudochirulus forbesi – (Painted Ringtail) – skoyd; boñay
Cercartetus caudatus (Pygmy Possum) – sumsum
Dactylopsila palpator (Mountain striped possum, Long-fingered Triok) – blc
Echymipera sp. – ? yaked
Phalanger carmelitae (Black Mountain Cuscus) – maygot, ? yng-tud
Phalanger gymnotis (Ground Cuscus) – madaw; ket-ketm, kñm
Phalanger maculatus – aklaŋ; aklaŋ kawl-kas-ket, aklaŋ pk, gabi, takp
Phalanger orientalis – ? madaw, ? takp
Phalanger permixteo – ? kmn sbi
Phalanger sericeus (Silky Cuscus, Beech Cuscus) – atwak; añ, beŋ-tud
Phalanger sp. – sbi, yaked
Spilocuscus maculatus – takp
Microperoryctes longicauda (Long-tailed Bandicoot) – wgi; amgln, weñem
Peroryctes raffrayana (Hunting Bandicoot) – pakam
Phascolosorex dorsalis – aln; may also refer to Antechinus melanurus (Marsupial Rat)
Dasyurus albopunctatus (New Guinea Quoll, Marsupial Cat) – suatg
Dendrolagus goodfellowi (Tree Kangaroo) - kabacp, kabcp
Petaurus breviceps (Sugar Glider) – aymows, kajben, yegaŋ
Thylogale brunii (Bush Wallaby) – kutwal ~ kotwal
Dorcopsulus vanheurni (Small Forest Wallaby, Common Mountain Forest Wallaby) - sgaw

Reptile names and folk taxonomy in Kalam:^[10]

yñ: reptiles
- yñ yb: familiar small lizards
  - yñ ladk: gecko
  - yñ yb: skink
    - yñ yb: colonial skinks
      - kls: Papuascincus stanleyanus, Common skink
      - mabdagol: Papuascincus stanleyanus, Red-tailed skink
      - mas: Emoia spp., Ant skinks (including E. baudini [most common], E. pallidiceps, and perhaps also E. kordoana)
    - yñ ladk: non-colonial skinks
      - sydn: Prasinohaema prehensicauda, Casuarina skink
        sydn km: Green casuarina skink
        
        sydn mlep: Brown casuarina skink
      - mañmod: Prasinohaema flavipes, Tree skink
      - pymakol: Lobulia elegans, Beech skink
      - mamŋ: Sphenomorphus darlingtoni, Begonia skink
      - komñ: Sphenomorphus sp.nr. jobiensis, Bush skink
      - ñgñolom: Sphenomorphus leptofasciatus, Banded skink
      - wowy: Lepidodactylus sp., Common gecko
- yñ ladk: reptiles other than familiar small lizards
  - aypot: Hypsilurus nigrigularis, Dragon lizard
  - wbl: Varanus spp.
    - wbl km: Varanus prasinus, Emerald monitor
    - wbl yb: Varanus indicus, Water monitor
  - ñom: snakes
    - soyŋ; ñom: relatively harmless snakes
      - klŋan: Chondropython viridis, Green python
      - soyŋ: ordinary snakes, Tropidonophis montanus, Toxicocalamus loriae, etc.
        soyŋ yb
        
        soyŋ pok: reddish snake
        
        soyŋ mosb: dark green snake
    - sataw: terrifying serpents
      - ymgwp: Python spp.
      - nm: Python amethistinus, Giant python
      - jjoj: snake sp.
      - kodkl: Acanthophis laevis, Death adder (?)
      - sataw: Micropechis ikaheca, Small-eyed snake (?)
      - other terrifying reptiles

Frog names in Kalam are:^[9]

Litoria angiana (various phenotypes): komnaŋat, jejeg, (jejeg) pkay, kawag
- komnaŋat: bright green polymorph; usually found in Saurauia spp. and Ficus dammaropsis
- kawag: dark green or black polymorph
- jejeg: four types:
  - jejeg pkay: polymorph with reddish belly
  - jejeg mj-kmab or jejeg km: bright green polymorph
  - jejeg mlep: dull brown polymorph
  - jejeg mosb: black polymorph
Litoria arfakiana: daŋboŋ
Litoria modica (or Litoria becki^[6]): wyt
Litoria micromembrana: kosoj
Litoria bulmeri: kogop
Nyctimystes disruptus: kwyos, gepgep
- kiwos: red-bellied polymorphs^[6]
Nyctimystes foricula: gojmay (also bin-pk^[6])
Nyctimystes kubori: kwelek
Nyctimystes narinosus: mabas
Nyctimystes sp.: kabanm
Oxydactyla brevicrus: kabanm
Cophixalus parkeri: kabanm [mature], lk (including bopnm) [immature]
Cophixalus riparius: gwnm
Cophixalus shellyi: gwnm sbmganpygak
Choerophryne variegata: lk (including bopnm)
Asterophrys sp.: gwnm
Xenorhina rostrata: gwnm
Barygenys sp.: gwnm sbmganpygak
Papurana grisea: akpt, cebs

Note: Cophixalus shellyi, Choerophryne darlingtoni, and Oxydactyla brevicrus also tend to be identified by Kalam speakers as lk if calling from low vegetation, but as gwnm (usually applied to Cophixalus riparius and Xenorhina rostrata) if found in daytime hiding spots.^[9]

Plant categories include:^[7]

mon ‘trees and shrubs’ (excluding palms and pandans); e.g., bljan ‘Macaranga spp.’ is a mon that has four named kinds
mñ ‘vines and robust creepers’

A comprehensive list of Kalam plant and animal names is given below.^[6]

Kalam plant and animal names

Kalam	Scientific name	Common name	Type
(?) mañ, wnb		Tahitian chestnut
(G) ald, ajay, gagn, gmdoŋ = gumdoŋ, gubodm, jam, jejaw, kaj-kot = kaj-kut, kdiplŋ, kiaw, kopnm, kosay, kubap, mluk-ps, mŋay, mseŋ wask, mutuŋ, (K) old = (G) ald, mutuŋ, wask, weñ, yam, yluŋ	Ficus spp.
(G) cb-yng; ymanŋn pl-pat		moustached treeswift
(G) kosad, (K) kosod	Themeda australis	kangaroo grass
(G) mab-yb, (K) mon-yb; ymn	Frullania sp.
(G) slek yakt, (K) slk-yakt		blue-capped ifrit
(K) ald-magi-ket, (G) ald-magl-ket; maldapan-kl	Rhamphocharis crassirostris	spotted berrypecker
(K) als aydk, (G) als ladk	Levieria becarriana
(K) añmi, (G) añml, bawl, dawl, kuyn, ? smay-kolay	Cyathea sp. or spp.
(K) gudi = (G) gudl; cod, ktem	Pandanus antaresensis
(K) gudi-ws = (G) gudl-ws	Anisomys imitator	rat that feeds on pandanus nuts
(K) gudi-ws, (G) guld-ws	Anisomys imitator
(K) gusay-kob, (G) gusalkob; molaj		shield bug
(K) jolbeg pk, (G) jolbeg pok, jolbeg sml	Rhipidura atra		females and immature males
(K) jolbeg pk, (G) jolbeg pok; jolbeg sml		black fantail	females and immature males
(K) kotp		spider's web	generic
(K) kuŋb pk, (G) kuŋb pok		sickle-crested bird-of-paradise	mature male
(K) magi kotp, (G) magl katp		painted ringtail possum's nest
(K) maydapan = (G) maldapan		flowerpecker
(K) maydapan, (G) maldapan		berrypecker	generic
(K) mmañp		Whitehead's swiftlet
(K) mmañp, (G) mmeñp		Pacific swallow
(K) mmañp, (G) mmeñp		swiftlet	generic
(K) mon-yb, (G) mab-yb		moss	generic
(K) old = (G) ald, alud	Ficus augusta
(K) old, (G) ald, alud	Ficus hesperidiiformis
(K) pd = (G) ped	Dioscorea		generic
(K) pd, (G) ped	Dioscorea spp., Dioscorea alata	yam	generic
(K) sakp, (G) sakay	Saccharum edule		generic
(K) slk-ñu, (G) slek-ñu	Pittosporum tenuivalve
(K) slk-yakt, (G) slekyakt	Ifrita kowaldi
(K) slp, (G) slup		tail feathers of certain long-tailed birds-of-paradise
(K) tdpn-mon, (G) tdpn-mab	Meliosma pinnata
(K) yabay, (G) yabal		lesser bird-of-paradise
(PL) alnaw majnb		pandanus	generic
?	Gallinago hardwickii ?	snipe sp.
? aleg	Lepidagathis sp.
? aŋmip, jmad, klŋan	Morelia viridis	green tree python
? dob	Accipiter buergersi	Buerger's goshawk
? glmd		red-sided eclectus parrot
? god	Accipiter novaehollandiae
? gogiben aydk	Dioscorea sp.
? gokal	Eurystomus orientalis
? gokal	Oriolus szalayi	oriole
? gokob	Cracticus cassicus	black-headed butcherbird
? gopkob	Amalocichla incerta	lesser New Guinea thrush
? kabay asdal, ? kabay kl	Diphyllodes magnificus
? kabay wog-dep; (K) kabay pk, (G) kabay pok	Parotia carolae
? kabi-kas-ket	Gerygone chloronota	grey-headed tree warbler
? kaj-tmd, god	Falco peregrinus	peregrine falcon
? kaj-ypl-si-dak, ? koptt, ? yptt, ? yptut	Ducula chalconota	red-breasted imperial pigeon
? kapi-kñopl, kñopl	Rallus philippensis
? kiaw	Ficus copiosa, Ficus wassa
? kmn sbi	Phalanger permixteo
? kodkol	Acanthophis antarcticus
? koŋak sd-ket, koŋak mseŋ-ket, kapi koŋak	Rallus pectoralis	slate-breasted rail
? koptt, ? kaj-ypl-si-dak, ? yptut	Ducula zoeae	Zoe's imperial pigeon
? kosodyakt	Mirafra javanica	bush-lark
? kotleg, jjgayaŋ	Monachella muelleriana	river flycatcher
? kulep	Aegotheles archboldi
? kulep	Eurostopodus archboldi	Archbold's nightjar
? kulwak, ? tabal	Charmosyna josefinae		phases
? madaw, ? takp	Phalanger orientalis
? mmañp	Collocalia vanikorensis	lowland swiftlet
? mosak kejŋ	Macruromys major	bamboo rat
? mukbel	Gallicolumba jobiensis	white-breasted ground dove
? mumjel	Ninox connivens	barking owl
? mumjel, mumjel magi nokom	Podargus ocellatus	little Papuan frogmouth
? mutuŋ	Ficus calopilina, Ficus pachyrrachis
? sataw	Micropechis ikaheka	small-eyed snake
? sbaw	Cacomantis castaneiventris
? sdwey-madwey	Chalcites lucidus	shining cuckoo
? señŋ	Timeliopsis fulvigula	mountain straight-billed honeyeater
? sjweywey	Acanthiza murina	thornbill
? skek	Sericornis papuensis	Papuan wren-warbler
? skp	Schefflera inophylloides, Schefflera stolleana
? spsep gs	Neositta chrysoptera	Papuan sittella
? tabal		Josephine's lory
? tumuk-yakt	Charmosyna placentis	yellow-fronted blue-eared lory
? wask	Ficus arfakiensis
? waymad	Euodia
? yabagay	Megapodius freycinet	scrubhen
? yabay asdal	Paradisaea rudolphi
? yaked	Echimipera sp.
abben	Uromys anak	black-tailed tree rat or highland giant tree rat
ablabl, binmuŋ	Ascarina philippinensis
ablay	Schefflera forbesii
abok	Artocarpus lacucha
abownm	Talegalla jobiensis	brown-collared brushturkey
acc, aknaŋ, alsas, cbam, gajt, kaban, kadŋ, ken, keykal, kñg, kolem, kolem lkañ, kolem tud, kowñak, luol, magepnap, mayj, moyg, mugut, ñnagl, nmug, pd ñn agal, pd sgoy, sajep, sam, sbi, sgoy, sobu, soŋ, suan, wanab	Dioscorea spp.	yam	cultivated kinds
ackol, ackolkol, koptob		sphagnum moss
acomc = acowmc	Callicarpa longifolia
act, kaban, (K) pd, (G) ped; suan	Dioscorea alata
adbt, ckl, (K) mkol (=alp mkol), (G) mokol		fruit-bat	kinds
add	Vaccinium keysseri
adlup, dlep	Cypraea annulus	Cypraea annulus shells and necklaces
admaw, admaw lkañ, aŋmd, awel, bitbit, glaŋm, gum, kceki sblam, kmn sblam, ñg-pakn, plin, sblam, sskanay, yb, ymeb-bd	Cordyline		varieties
adom, awayŋ, bangol, gaygay, guglak, kas-pat, kawel, msagay, msu, pkay, pnm, ssalkay, walb, wanay, wlak, yamganmtob	Alpinia sp. or spp.
adug, cecey, ceycey	Pseudeos fuscata	dusky lory
aglg, camaŋ, cebey, cemen, dot, spel, wayam, wls, ygam		marita (pandanus)	kinds
aglog	Leucosyke sp.
agnoŋ	Syzygium pachycladum
agnoŋ; jbl = jbul, jbul kas-at-ket, jbul kas ñluk, jbul kub tŋi = jbul kub-tŋi-ket, jbul lkañ, jbul tun, jeŋn, jjelŋ = jjlŋ	Syzygium spp.
agol	Podocarpus archboldii
ajn, kalap ajn	Balanophora sp.
ajok, gb	Australimusa variety
akañ	Coix lacryma-jobi	Job's tears
akl	Nastus spp., Racemobambus sp., Schizostachyum sp.
aklaŋ, añ, atwak, gabi, kñm, madaw, magey, maygot, sbi, takp, yaked, yng-tud		cuscus	kinds
aklaŋ, gabi		spotted cuscus
aklaŋ; aklaŋ awl-kas-ket, aklaŋ pk, gabi, takp	Phalanger maculatus
akm-gi	Halfordia kendack
akow, ktu	Areca catechu	betel-nut
alad, cmgan, kiwak, klwak, saymon		lorikeet	kinds
alad, klwak, kob, sg, tabal		Papuan lory
aleg	Solanum americanum
aleg alomn	Dicliptera papuana
aljm, aybiskes	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
alkn aydk, kamay alkn	Piper triangulare
alkn jejen	Piper gibbilimbum
alkn kuysek	Piper subbullatum
alkn yb = alkn ybl	Piper sp.
alks	Melomys frigicola ?; Melomys rufescens	white-bellied rat
alks	Melomys rufescens	grassland Melomys rat
aln	Phascolosorex dorsalis	dasyurid, marsupial rat
aln, as aln	Antechinus melanurus	marsupial rat
alnay, ytem = ytm	Pandanus adinobotrys
alŋ, alŋ lkañ	Eulalia trispicata	grass, Eulalia trispicata
alŋaw, salm	Medinilla sp.
alŋaw, spagep, (PL) mukut, (PL) sagitap, spagep	Pandanus brosimos		generic
alŋaw-nm	Melidectes belfordi schraderensis	Belford's melidectes
alp		fruit-bat	generic
alp, madan, jan madan	Dobsonia moluccensis	greater bare-backed fruit bat
als	Kibara sp., Steganthera hirsuta
al-wj, gulwj, kabapk		huntsman spider or trapdoor spider
amos aydk, molom, palm, saŋañ		wild cucurbit
amos, buk	Lagenaria siceraria
añb, kl = kli, kodpab, kolay, malŋ, malŋ pk	Rungia klossii		cultivated kinds
aneŋ, kob, yagab		marita (pandanus)	generic
anŋes	Triumfetta nigricans
aŋmip, klŋan		green tree python
aŋmt	Milvus migrans	black kite
apay, bljan, cabak, dlep, gaslŋ, gengen, glgl, gojmay, jak, jlgu, mdaj, mkut, pagi, mokub, peñl, sbkep, sklek, sml, tbep, wsp	Pandanus brosimos		kinds
as	Abeomelomys sevia	tree fern rat
askum, kabay askom, gokal		dollarbird
as-magi, jjmd	Rhododendron macgregoriae
asŋap	Ischaemum polystachyum
asŋap lkañ	Ischaemum sp.
asŋap, gaj, gubodm, guñ, kabapk, kapn, kaynam, kodkem, kol, kusal = kusay, mokol, molad, molay, plp, sben, tkol, ttpak	Saccharum edule		kinds
ass, gog, gog	Saurauia sp. or spp.
atwak; añ, beŋ-tud	Phalanger sericeus	silky cuscus, beech cuscus
awleg lek	Garnotia stricta
aymows, kajben, (Asai) yegaŋ	Petaurus breviceps	sugar glider
ayŋ numud	Solanum oliverianum
ayŋ, wdawd	Dimorphanthera spp.
ayplow	Polygonum nepalense
aypoki ksen-nep owp	Conyza parva
aypoki, sbomj	Conyza bonariensis
aypot, kuom		agamid lizard, dragon lizard
aywol	Thysanolaena maxima
bajj	Erythrura trichroa	parrotfinch
bal	Macaranga rufibarbis
bal		bean	generic
bal, bljan, bljan kas-pat, peyj, sapol, sapol mseŋ-ket, sapol semeñ-tin, suosu, weñgaw	Macaranga spp.
balbag	Desmodium repandum
balpon	Arthrophyllum macranthum
bangay	Cucurbita spp.
bata	Persea americana
batt	Senna septemtrionalis
bawd	Manihot esculenta	cassava
baynap	Ananas sativus
bblaw	Merops ornatus	bee-eater
bbomol, bbomol aydk	Palmeria sp.
bc, dŋ		grass finch
bdabd	Phyllanthus flariflorus
bdoŋ, ksks		Princess Stephanie's bird-of-paradise	mature male
bed, kmn-gd	Gleichenia sp.
beg	Perrottetia alpestris
bep, (PL) pesel	Rungia klossii		generic
biay, gmeñ		red-capped streaked lory
binmuŋ	Ascarina subsessilis
bitbit, gtigti	Crotalaria lanata	rattle-pod
blc	Dactylopsila palpator	mountain striped possum
bleb	Gallicolumba beccarii	Beccari's ground dove
blegñ	Geniostoma sp.
bley, bleynm	Aepypodius arfakianus	wattled brushturkey
bljan kas-pat	Macaranga induta
bodi	Embelia cotinoides
bodi, muglpen	Maesa spp.
bokbak	Commelina cyanea
bopl	Imperata cylindrica, etc.	kunai grass
bot, ddblŋ	Dennstaedtia scandens
btud	Phaseolus vulgaris
buk galab	Melicope sp., Prunus sp. or spp.
buk mataw, gabaw, mataw, ñoŋud kas-ps	Cryptocarya spp.
calab bwow, gojayab = gojeyab		phasmids	kinds
cangom, gabaw, ñepek, pagn ñepek, ps-tkn, waŋ-magi, wokd	Cyrtandra sp. or spp.
ccp		goshawk	generic
ccp kamay-ket	Accipiter melanochlamys	black-mantled goshawk
ccp mseŋ-ket	Accipiter fasciatus	Australian goshawk
ccpen, tden	Desmodium sequax
cedmay		little king bird-of-paradise
celed, kamay celed	Nothofagus grandis
celed, kamay, kamay kas-ñluk, kamay kaskam, kamay ydlum	Nothofagus sp. or spp.	southern beech
cgem	Dolichos lablab, Lablab purpureus	pea bean
cgoy	Nicotiana tabacum
cgoy aydk	Cynoglossum sp.
cgoy numd		forget-me-not
cm		black palm
cmnm	Urena lobata
cocwoñ		mole cricket
codok	Psychotria hollandiae
codok kas ñluk	Drimys sp.
codok, codok kas-ps, m-ypl	Psychotria sp. or spp.
cp-asŋap, kaynam	Ischaemum barbatum
cp-nabgu	Hydnophytum sp. or spp.
cp-nabgu	Peltops montanus	mountain peltops flycatcher
cp-sgi	Ricinus communis
cp-tamu, tamu	Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum sp.
cptmel bojm, pubnm		European honeybee
cuklm	Galium subtrifidum
dagol	Scincella stanleyana
dak, patow		domestic duck
daŋb	Rapanea spp., Tasmannia piperita
daŋb aydk	Ardisia sp.
daŋb, gojb, gtkep, mes	Timonius sp. or spp.
db	Dacrydium novoguineense
dinm, dinum	Leucanthus peduncularis
dinum acb	Hydrocotyle sp.
dkbn	Sterculia monticola
dmŋawt kosbol	Circus spilonotus	spotted marsh harrier
dŋ; bic	Lonchura spectabilis	mannikin, grass finch
dob		woodswallow
dobeg, wlek–ñŋeb	Coniogramme macrophylla
dog	Neonauclea obversifolia
dsn	Diplazium latilobum
dsn, gañgal, sspi, yuley	Elatostema sp. or spp.
duk	Harpyopsis novaeguineae	harpy eagle
gabaw	Litsea spp.
gabjen	Sloania nymanii
gablog	Smilax sp.
gac	Megalurus timoriensis	rufous-capped grass warbler
gac, kolay, sgaw, sgaw tmd, slb	Rungia klossii		uncultivated kinds
gad, tukum	Wendlandia paniculata
gadmab, godmab, gadmab b-tepsek, gamñ	Ptilinopus ornatus	ornate fruit dove, fruit pigeon
gadon	Nastus elatus
gagn	Ficus dammaropsis
gaks, kolem, pd kolem	Dioscorea bulbifera	yam	generic
galkañ yb	Maoutia sp.
galkneŋ		sicklebill bird-of-paradise	female and immature male
gam	Saccharum officinarum	sugarcane
gamgam	Osmoxylon boerlagi
gaml, gaml kl	Saccharum spontaneum
gañgal, jjeyp kuysek, sspi	Pilea sp.
gaslŋ	Neopsittacus musschenbroekii	yellow-billed mountain lory
gaygay, gugolŋ, msagay, ymgenm-tob	Riedelia sp.
gayk	Erythrina orientalis	coral tree
gd	Sticherus brassii
gd, lps	Glochidion sp. or spp.
gepgep	Nyctimystes foricula
get, get kab, get yb, goñbl	Aglaia spp.
get, goñbl	Dysoxylum spp.
ggamaŋ	Solanum dammerianum
ggan	Piptocalyx sp.
ggayaŋ		torrent-lark or magpie-lark
gglñ	Isachne sp., Lachnogrostis sp.
gis, kamay-gis	Neopsittacus pullicauda	orange-billed mountain lory
gkt, kon, mays	Zea mays	corn, maize	generic
gldb, golbd mñ	Tecomanthe volubilis
glegl, ? skey		brown hawk
glegl; dob	Falco berigora	brown hawk
glmd, kapal, yawed, ydam		Pesquet's parrot
glob, gokob, molop		black-headed butcherbird
gluj, kabapk		huntsman spider
gmeñ, biay	Psitteuteles goldiei	red-capped streaked lory
goblad, goblad yob, kuyopi	Microsorum musifolium
god, god-gayaŋ, ? kaj-numd	Accipiter meyerianus	Meyer's goshawk
god, kaj-wsd		peregrine falcon
godd, wtay godd		yellow crest feathers of sulphur-crested cockatoo
godmay-ket	Charmosyna wilhelminae	pygmy streaked lory
godmg, ñabap	Parahydromys asper	waterside rat
gogadŋ		parasitic worms, roundworm
gogaŋ = gugaŋ	Lepidoptera		generic
gogiben	Piper celtidiforme
gojagen	Curcuma longa
gojmet, salkay	Etlingera sp.
golbd mñ	Pandorea pandorana
golŋ	Daphniphyllum papuanum
golyad	Melidectes torquatus	cinnamon-breasted wattle bird
goñbl	Rorippa schlechteri
goñbl, goñbl gtan	Brassica napus
goñŋn	Breynia collaris
goñŋn, goñŋn mseŋ-ket	Colubrina sp.
goyaŋ	Geitonoplesium cymosum
goym, jamay, juk	Araucaria sp.
gtkep, as gtkep	Pogonomys sylvestris, Paramelomys rubex	lesser prehensile-tailed rat
gtkep, kamay gtkep, mes, mes tud	Pittosporum spp.
gtkep, mes gtkep	Timonius belensis
gubodm	Ficus eustephana
gugolŋ	Riedelia geluensis
gugubay	Cypholophus sp., Solanum sp.
gulbalk, m aydk, sanp	Colocasia esculenta	taro, wild
gulgul, galkneŋ	Epimachus fastosus	black sicklebill
gulgul, kalaj		greater sicklebill	male
gul-ws		field cricket
gumdoŋ = gmdoŋ	Ficus gracillima, Ficus pantoniana, Ficus subulata
gumgum	Probosciger aterrimus	palm cockatoo
gumon	Fagraea amabilis
gumon pidol	Corynocarpus cribbianus
guŋ, nogob	Pipturus sp. or spp.
gupñ	Homalanthus nervosus
gupñ kasp	Homalanthus novoguineensis
gupñ, gupñ gapnay, gupñ kasp, kamay gupñ	Homalanthus spp.
gupñ-magi-ket		mottled whistler
gusal = gusay	Dodonaea viscosa
jaj	Diplazium asperum
jamad = jmad	Gardenia lamingtonii
jbjel		lesser sicklebill
jbjel, galkneŋ	Epimachus meyeri	Meyer's sicklebill
jbnog	Hemigraphis sp.
jbnog, jbog	Phyllanthus sp.
jbog, kdkd	Charmosyna pulchella	little red lory
jeŋn	Streblus spp., Streblus glaber, Streblus urophyllus
jeptpt, jeptpt-nap	Eugerygone rubra	fidgeting flycatcher
jes	Commersonia bartromania
jjabi	Adenostemma viscosum
jjak, kmn jsp, kmn	Glomera sp.
jjb	Dendrobium sp.
jjelŋ	Decaspermum bracteatum, Myrtaceae sp. or spp.
jjgayaŋ, kotleg	Grallina bruijni	torrent lark, magpie lark
jjoj, sataw		death adder
jlgol, jjgol	Schoenus sp., Scirpus sp., Scleria sp.
jlgu	Semecarpus sp.
jlgu, jlgol	Carex sp. or spp.
jm, kalap jm	Dacrydium novo-guineense	New Guinea rimu
jm, kalap jm, mon jm	Gymnostoma papuanum
jmad		green tree python
jnal, pkay, wsnaŋ	Alphitonia spp.
jobol, jogob, wonm	Eurya tigang
jogal	Angiopteris erecta
jogal, kamay jogal	Marattia werneri
jolbeg		fantail	generic
jolbeg	Rhipidura atra	black fantail
jolbeg mosb	Rhipidura atra	black fantail	adult male
jolbeg, (K) jolbeg pk, (G) jolbeg pok	Rhipidura brachyrhyncha	rufous fantail
joli	Tanysiptera galatea	racquet-tailed kingfisher
joŋ		crickets	generic, including most Orthoptera
jop	Artabotrys vriesianus, Elaeagnus triflora
jsp	Arthraxon ciliaris, Eragrostis brownii, Garnotia sp.
jsp, kmn, kmn jsp	Mediocalcar spp.
kabacp	Dendrolagus sp.	tree kangaroo
kabapk		bird-catching spider
kabay bl, kabay albad, kabay cgaŋ		superb bird-of-paradise	adult male
kabay bl, kabay cgaŋ, kabay kl	Lophorina superba	superb bird-of-paradise
kabay mosb, kabay gs, kabay kawslwog, kabay mosaj, kabay sbtkep	Cnemophilus loriae	Loria's bird-of-paradise
kabay pk, kabay pk mluksu		six-plumed bird-of-paradise	female and immature males
kabay wog-dep	Parotia lawesii
kabi	Lithocarpus sp. or spp.
kabkal, maklek	Uromys caudimaculatus	lowland giant tree rat
kablamneŋ, kmn-bl, kmn-wm		king parrot
kabpet, kuyŋ kabpet; ŋetŋet	Coturnix chinensis	king quail
kackac	Artamus maximus	woodswallow, tree swallow
kadŋ kl		shield spider
kadŋ, kadŋ kl, kl, sugulbeñ, wad-kl		orb-weaver spiders
kaganm	Corvus tristis	bare-faced crow
kagap, pagap	Phaseolus lunatus	lima bean
kaj yglu	Ophiuros exaltatus
kaj-kut	Ficus adenosperma, Ficus erythrosperma
kaj-meg, (K) kosod-yakt, (G) kosad yakt	Cisticola exilis	tailorbird
kaj-pab, pab	Broussonetia papyrifera	paper mulberry
kaj-ypl-si-dak, koptt, yptt	Ducula zoeae	Zoe's imperial pigeon
kalap db, skp	Dacrycarpus imbricatus
kalap, mabs	Casuarina oligodon
kalay	Bidens pilosa
kalom	Bixa orellana
kamay	Nothofagus pullei
kamay gupñ	Homalanthus arfakiensis
kamay mumjel		Archbold's nightjar
kamay ydlum	Nothofagus pseudoresinosa
kamay-nolb		beech orchid
kamok	Pneumatopteris papuana
kañm	Musa sp. or spp.
kañm, klwak		Papuan lory	mature female
kaŋ nonm, kaŋ nop, spsp		longicorn beetle
kapi	Phragmites karka
kapi bleb		spotless crake
kapi kñopl		snipe bird
kapis	Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Spinacia oleracea
kapn snm	Celosia argentea
kasan, kaskam	Arachis hypogaea
kaskam	Melicope triphylla, Melicope vitiflora, Melicope xanthoxyloides
kaskam aydk	Melicope denhamii, Melicope durifolia, Melicope trachicarpa
kaskam aydk, kaskam kuysek	Melicope aneura
kaskam mataw	Melicope pachypoda
kaskas		greater woodswallow
katgn	Rattus niobe	small mountain rat
katmap	Brassica oleracea
kawen	Ipomoea alba
kawkaw	Solanum tuberosum
kawl; alu, waym	Artocarpus communis
kawseb, kawsi, kawsl	Impatiens hawkeri
kawsl-wog, kawsilog	Melampitta lugubris	black false pitta, lesser melampitta
kaydok	Rhodomyrtus lanatus
kayn-sabi, sabi aydk, sabi lkañ, sabi tud, ttpak	Setaria palmifolia		kinds
kayn-yng	Selaginella sp. or spp.
kayŋay, ? skp	Schefflera boridiana, Schefflera megalantha
kaywl; kalaj	Aceros plicatus	hornbill
kb	Pycnopygius cinereus	grey honeyeater
kb kluneŋ, kej, kojway	Meliphaga subfrenata	black-throated honeyeater
kbaŋm, namluk, pok-lakep	Freycinetia sp. or spp.
kb-bokbok	Jaspinum sp.
kben, kubap kben, mnan kben	Acorus calamus
kben, mnan kben	Dianella sp.
kbogl	Glochidion novoguineense
kb-slk	Meliphaga spp.
kceki sblam, (PL) awkem	Cordyline ledermanni
kceki si, si kck	Laportea decumana
kdiplŋ	Ficus endochaete
kel	Calyptrocalyx sp.
kgomn	Blumea arnakidophora
ki, wan	Ptiloprora guisei	brown-backed streaked honeyeater
kinm	Dimeria ciliata
ki-numd, gupñ-magi-ket	Pachycephala leucostigma	mottled whistler
kitañ	Crassocephalum crepidioides, Erechtites valerianifolia
kiwos	Nyctimystes disruptus
kjkj	Benincasa hispida
kkask bd	Rubus rosifolius
kkask, tgos	Rubus spp.
klen	Phaseolus sp., Planchonella spp., Planchonella macropoda
klen, klen-bd		runner bean
kleykley, ytem-kleykley	Monarcha axillaris	black monarch
klop	Cardamine sp.
kls	Lobulia stanleyana
klwak-db = kulwak-db	Pothos sp.
kmn gad	Sticherus pseudoscandens
kmnnumud, sñeñ skoy		black-hooded cuckooshrike
kms, kumŋañ	Caryota sp., Gronophyllum sp. or spp.	fishtail palm
kñ	Stephania montana
kñes	Eleocharis attenuata
kñopl	Scolopax saturata	East Indian woodcock
kob		Papuan lory	mature
kob, saymon		Papuan lory
kob-bg-ket		black kite
koben	Goura victoria	Victoria crowned pigeon
kobkaknaŋ		web of tetragnathid spider
kobti	Casuarius bennetti
kobti agal	Pteris tripartita
kobti gulgin	Casuarius unappendiculatus
kocb	Uncaria bernaysii
koct, koct amam, koct b-tepsek, koct btep badsek	Ptilinopus rivoli bellus	white-breasted fruit dove
kodal, mglak		millipede
kodlap	Elaeocarpus womersleyi
kodojp	Elaeocarpus firmus, Elaeocarpus leucanthus
kogm	Drymaria cordata
kojam, palm	Trichosanthes pulleana
kolaleg		water flycatcher
kolem aydk, pd sgoy	Dioscorea spp.	yam	wild kinds
kolem, kolem aydk, kolem aydk, pd magi	Dioscorea bulbifera
kolm	Haliastur indus	brahminy kite or red-backed kite
kolp	Colocasia esculenta	tuber of Colocasia esculenta
komay, ymges	Dubouzetia novoguineensis
komñ	Sphenomorphus sp.
kon-kalay	Gynura procumbens
koñmay	Emilia prenanthoides, Lactuca spp., Spathoglottis sp.
koñmayd	Rhipidura leucophrys	willie wagtail
koŋak	Rallicula forbesi	Forbe's chestnut rail
koŋak		crakes and rails	generic
koŋds	Pachycephala schlegelii, Pachycephala soror
koŋds = kods	Pachycephala		generic
koŋds = kods		Schlegel's whistler
koŋds = kods		whistler	generic
koŋds lkañ		whistler	adult male
koŋds mseŋket		whistler	adult female
koŋds todimadi, koŋds kamay-ket	Pachycephala modesta	brown-backed whistler
koŋds todimadi, koŋds mseŋ-ket	Pachycephala rufiventris dorsalis	white-bellied whistler
kopyak = kupyak, (PL) wŋbek-cad-nb	Rattus exulans, Rattus niobe, Rattus ruber	house rat
kopyak gulbodu	Rattus ruber	garden rat
kosay	Ficus pungens
koslem	Syzygium malaccense
kosp		mountain mouse-warbler
kotleg		torrent-lark
kotpek, kotpek kas-ps	Prunus grisea
kotpek, mseŋ kotpek	Prunus turneriana
kotpek, mseŋ kotpek, mslm	Polyosma sp. or spp.
koymaŋ, kpay, kpay koymaŋ	Cocos nucifera
ksks, bdoŋ	Astrapia stephaniae
kuam	Garcinia archboldiana
kubap, jejaw	Ficus microdictya
kubul	Polytoca macrophylla
kugolk	Ilex sp.
kulep, kulep acb	Aegotheles albertisi
kulmuŋ	Trema cannabina
kulŋañ	Schuurmansia henningsii
kumi, snay	Pandanus julianettii
kuñp	Trachymene arfakiensis
kuñp, kuñp kañp, kuñp sepeb, kuñp ygam, sepeb, wokd	Oenanthe javanica		kinds
kuñp-yt-ps, (K) smlsmlnap, (G) ssmulnap; ssmalam		black-breasted flatbill flycatcher
kuŋb	Amblyornis macgregoriae	MacGregor's bowerbird
kuŋub	Cnemophilus macgregorii	sickle-crested bird-of-paradise
kuŋub = (K) kuŋb		gardener bowerbird
kuŋub lkañsek		gardener bowerbird	mature male
kuŋub neb		gardener bowerbird	female and immature male
kuom		agamid lizard
kuptol kuysek	Arrhenechthites novoguineensis
kutwal = kotwal	Pademelon
kutwal = kotwal	Thylogale brunii	bush wallaby, scrub wallaby
kuwŋ	Synoicus ypsilophorus	swamp quail
kuwt		cuckoo-dove
kuwt sapol-kod, kuwt yb	Macropygia nigrirostris	black-billed cuckoo-dove
kuwt tun	Macropygia amboinensis	Amboyna cuckoo-dove
kuyn	Cyathea magna
kuyn	Cyathea		generic
kuyŋ	Synoicus ypsilophorus	swamp quail, brown quail
kuyŋ		quail	generic
kuyŋ kabpet		button quail
kuyopi = kiopi	Microsorum punctatum
kuyot = kiot	Mangifera sp.
kipep, kuypep kuykuy-sek	Hydromys shawmayeri	mountain water rat
kuypep, kipep, kuypep kuykuy-sek	Crossomys moncktoni	earless water rat
layon	Sechium edule
lbeñ, lbeñ kas-ps	Schizomeria clemensiae, Schizomeria gorumensis
lbg	Lanius schach	schach shrike
lokañ	Pipturus argenteus
lu	Timonius morobensis
m aydk	Alocasia sp.
m, mi, (PL) alom, (PL) mukut	Colocasia esculenta	taro	generic
m, mi; nem, sap	Colocasia esculenta
mab-yb, monyb, ymn	Sphagnum sp. or spp.
madaw; ket-ketm, kñm	Phalanger gymnotis	ground cuscus
magey, takp		white cuscus
magl-paceb	Endiandra grandifolia
maj	Ipomoea batatas	sweet potato
majown	Sundacarpus amarus
mak	Metroxylon sp.	sago palm
maldapan	Melanocharis versteri	fan-tailed berrypecker
maldapan gs, maldapan kl		fan-tailed berrypecker	female
maldapan mosb		fan-tailed berrypecker	adult male
maldapan todimadi		black berrypecker
malg, ayom, aywom	Gymnophaps albertisii	mountain pigeon
mamag	Solanum aviculare
mamŋ	Sphenomorphus darlingtoni
mamŋ tud	Polygonum chinense
mamŋ, mamŋ lkañ, pelŋ, tipeñ	Begonia sp. or spp.
mañmod	Prasinohaema flavipes
mayap		tiger parrot
mayap	Psittacella brehmii	Brehm's tiger parrot
mayap	Psittacella madaraszi ?	Madarasz's tiger parrot
maygot, ? yng-tud	Phalanger carmelitae	black mountain cuscus
maykop	Dicksonia hieronymi
mem, mem aydk, mem sgi	Plectranthus spp.
mem, mem tud	Salvia sp. or spp.
memneŋ	Melipotes fumigatus	common melipotes
memneŋ	Scaevola oppositifolia
meŋñ	Flindersia pimenteliana
mes	Pittosporum ramiflorum
mgoñm	Maclura cochinchinensis
mimot		chafer beetle
mkal, kubap	Aglaonema sp. or spp.
mluk-ps		field cricket
mmali	Piper sp. or spp., Piper macropiper
mmañp	Collocalia esculenta	glossy swiftlet
mmañp, sskl	Collocalia hirundinacea
mñ kkask	Rubus moluccanus
mnan magi	Cypraea sp.
mnŋej	Nertera granadensis
mŋay	Ficus nodosa, Ficus variegata
molok bokad	Spiraeopsis brassii
molok kab	Acsmithia parvifolia, Pullea glabra
molok kas at-ket, molok smgep	Opocunonia nymanii
mosak	Mallomys aroaensis
mosak gam, kmn gam	Epiblastus sp.
mosak puŋ	Aristolochia sp.
mosak; aloñ, kabkal, maklek	Mallomys rothschildi	giant bamboo rat, syn. Rothschild's woolly rat
mtmñ	Peperomia sp.
mug, as mug	Mammelomys lanosus	bush rat
mug; moys	Melomys lorentzii, Melomys platyops	Lorentz's rat
mugsi, tu-kapl, tu-meg		bush cricket, cave cricket
mum	Podargus papuensis	great Papuan frogmouth, giant frogmouth
mumjel, mumjel kñŋsek	Ninox theomacha	Papuan boobook owl
mumloj	Myrmecodia schlechteri	anthouse plant
mumuk	Hyomys goliath	giant cane rat
mumyaŋ		spider-hunting wasp
m-ypl	Mussaenda cylindrocarpa
namluk	Freycinetia bismarckensis, Freycinetia schraderensis, Freycinetia tafarensis, Freycinetia vulgaris
namluk sgaw-tud	Freycinetia rectangularis
ñay	Salvadorina waigiuensis	mountain duck, wild duck
nbon, mñ-nbon	Pipturus pullei
ñgñolom	Sphenomorphus leptofasciatus
ñgog-pagog	Motacilla cinerea	grey wagtail
ñg-otok		flatworm
nm	Morelia amethistina	giant python
ñmeg	Diplazium decompositum
ñmlm	Equisetum debile	horsetail plant
ññalu	Claoxylon spp.
ñŋay	Pueraria lobata
nol	Melidectes rufocrissalis	Reichenow's melidectes
ñom pk, sin pk	Natrix mairii ?
noman, tumd	Phyllocladus hypophyllus
ñoŋud kuysek, ñoŋud kojow	Cinnamomum archboldianum
ñopd	Pteridophora alberti
ñopd kolman		King of Saxony bird-of-paradise	mature male
ñopd neb		King of Saxony bird-of-paradise	female and immature male
ñopd, kolman		King of Saxony bird-of-paradise
nugsum = ñgsum	Microglossa pyrifolia
ŋetŋet		king quail
ŋoŋi		lizard, probably a gecko
pakam	Peroryctes raffrayana	hunting bandicoot
pd magi	Dioscorea bulbifera	tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera, aerial
pelŋ	Symbegonia spp.
pelŋ, tipeñ	Begonia kanienis
peñbin, pen-ñbin, majabin, najabin	Phylloscopus trivirgatus	leaf warbler
piaw, tman, tmen	Calamus sp.	lawyer cane, rattan
pimakol	Lobulia elegans
pipiben	Lycopodium cernuum
pkaŋ, yabay pkaŋ		lesser bird-of-paradise	female or immature male
plag	Clytoceyx rex	shovel-billed kingfisher
plŋ	Peneothello cyanus	slaty thicket flycatcher
plŋ, wet		robin flycatcher
plolom	Halcyon megarhyncha	mountain yellow-billed kingfisher
plolom	Halcyon sancta	sacred kingfisher
pluan, pulwan	Melodinus australis
pñepk	Toxorhamphus poliopterus	slaty-chinned longbill
pnes	Microeca papuana	microeca flycatcher
pobol	Typha orientalis
polmaŋ	Holochlamys beccarii
popo paypay	Carica papaya	pawpaw
pow	Aegotheles insignia
pow		owlet-nightjars and Archbold's nightjar	generic
pubnm, sbyaŋ, lum suwn		tiger beetle
pugtek	Elmerrillia papuana, Magnolia palmifolia
sabi	Setaria sp., Setaria palmifolia		generic
sag	Cucumis sativus	cucumber	generic
sag aydk	Neoachmandra filipes, Urceodiscus belensis
sag jamay, sag tud		cucumber	kinds
sagal	Alstonia macrophylla
sagal	Tyto tenebricosa	sooty owl
saglom	Davallia sp.
salm		core of mountain pandanus fruit
sanp	Alocasia nicolsonii	taro, wild
sapol	Macaranga strigosa
sapol semeñ-tin	Macaranga intonsa
sawey	Castanopsis acuminatissima
sawñ	Cyclosorus sp. or spp.
sbal; m kiap, kokmay, kudu	Xanthosoma sagittifolium	taro, kongkong taro
sbaw	Cacomantis variolosus	grey-breasted cuckoo
sbaw numud, ? sdweymadwey	Chalcites ruficollis	mountain bronze cuckoo
sbaw, sbaw mseŋ-ket, kamay sbaw	Cacomantis pyrrhophanus	fan-tailed cuckoo
sbaw, sbaw numd		cuckoo
sbdalem	Wikstroemia androsaemifolia
sbi, ? sgoy	Dioscorea esculenta
sbi, yaked	Phalanger sp.
sblam	Cordyline fruticosa	palm lily
sblam, (PL) awkem	Cordyline		generic
sbn, ? aleg	Solanum nigrum
sbos	Lycopodium sp. or spp.	club-moss
sd, sud, yŋleb	Miscanthus floridulus	swordgrass
señŋ	Sericornis nouhuysi	large mountain wren-warbler
señŋ blwen		ploughshare tit	male
señŋ mluk-su		ploughshare tit	female and immature males
señŋ tmd-bad-sek, señŋ mluk-su	Eulacestoma nigropectus	ploughshare tit
señŋ tmud-badsek		ploughshare tit	adult male
sep	Myzomela adolphinae
sep		myzomela and mistletoebirds	generic
sep bis, sep bj		red-collared myzomela	female and immature male
sep kalom		red-collared myzomela	adult male
sep kalom, sep bis, sep bj	Myzomela rosenbergii	red-collared myzomela
sep maj-ks-ket, sep mumloj-kab-ket		mistletoebirds
sep mumlojkab-ket, sep maj-magi-ket	Dicaeum geelvinkianum	anthouse bird, mistletoebird
sep-mumlojkabket		midget flowerpecker
sg		Papuan lory, melanistic form of
sgaw		bush wallaby
sgdalem	Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum
sgoglek	Octamyrtus behrmanii
si ydmuŋ, mon ydmuŋ	Dendrocnide morobensis
si, si kck, si gidmit = si godpit, si godpl, si lkañ	Laportea
sidn	Prasinohaema prehensicauda
siŋ	Apistocalamus sp., Natrix montana ?
sj; awj, mduwn	Abelmoschus manihot
sjaŋ	Rattus verecundus	long-snouted rat
sjwey, sjweywey	Gerygone cinerea, Gerygone ruficollis	gerygone tree warbler
skayag	Tyto capensis	grass owl
skek	Sericornis perspicillatus	buff-faced wren-warbler
skek, skek kalom		bushwren
sklek	Helicia sp. or spp.
skoyd; boñay	Pseudochirulus forbesi	painted ringtail possum
skp; ? kalap db	Dacrycarpus imbricatus
skub, skub goblad, bojm-pkep	Henicopernis longicauda	long-tailed honey buzzard
sloj	Malurus alboscapulatus	black fairywren
smlsmlnap, kuñp-ptps	Machaerirhynchus nigripectus	black-breasted flatbill flycatcher
snb	Zingiber officinale	ginger
sñeñ	Coracina montana
sñeñ		cuckooshrikes	generic
sñeñ saki, sñeñ skoy	Coracina longicauda	black-billed cuckooshrike
sñeñ swalwal, sñeñ suwalwal	Coracina caeruleogrisea	stout-billed cuckooshrike
sog	Finschia spp.
sogan	Myristica subulata
som	Sphaerostephanos sp.
soy-tum	Emoia caeruleocauda	lizard found in lowlands
spi	Albizia falcataria, Paraserianthes falcataria
splep		woodworm
spsep	Daphoenositta miranda	pink-faced nuthatch
spsep	Micropsitta bruijnii	Salvadori mountain pygmy parrot
ssabol	Carpodetus arboreus
sskl	Collocalia whiteheadi	Whitehead's swiftlet
sskl	Hirundo tahitica	Pacific swallow
sskl	Nothocnide melastomifolia
ssnb	Clematis papuasica
sspi	Aceratium parvifolium, Sericola micans, Sorghum nitidum
suatg	Dasyurus albopunctatus	New Guinea quoll, marsupial cat
sueg	Pachycephala rufinucha	red-naped whistler
sueg bulweñ, sueg bulweñsek		shield-bill bird-of-paradise
sugulbeñ	Nephila maculata	golden orb-weaver
sugun	Garcinia schraderi
sukñam	Papuacedrus papuana
sulwal	Parasponia rigida
sumsum	Cercartetus caudatus	pygmy possum
suosu	Macaranga rhodonema
tabal; alad, cmgan, kañm, kob, ? sg	Charmosyna papou		phases
tadap	Garcinia lauterbachiana
takp	Spilocuscus maculatus
tay		greater bird-of-paradise
tbum = tubum	Schefflera simbuensis, Schefflera straminea
tdagl	Gunnera macrophylla
tgs lkañ	Acalypha sp.
tgs, tgs aygs	Acalypha hellwigii
tlum	Sloanea archboldiana, Sloanea tieghemii, Sloania aberrans
ttamañ	Elaeocarpus schlecterianus
ttmiñ	Rhipidura atra	white-eared fantail or friendly fantail
ttpak	Astronia ledermannii ?
ttpel, ttpey		mistletoe
tubum	Schefflera hirsuta
tubumkab-ket		tit berrypecker	generic
tubum-kab-ket	Oreocharis arfaki
tubumkabket kl		tit berrypecker	female
tubumkab-ket klwak		tit berrypecker	male
tubum-kab-ket nonm	Paramythia montium	mountain berrypecker
tumuk-as, as tumuk-as	Lorentzimys nouhuysi	jumping tree mouse, arboreal mouse
tuos = tuwos	Ipomoea indica
tuos kas ñluk, kaywos	Ipomoea cairica
tuos, tuos kas ñluk		morning glory
tuwŋ	Centropus phasianinus	pheasant coucal
waknaŋ mñ	Sabia pauciflora
walcegon		small rat, found near homesteads
walgañ, walgañ kas–ps	Symplocos cochinchinensis
wal-kobneŋ	Zosterops novaeguineae	mountain white-eye
walm	Croton morobensis
waln	Harmsiopanax ingens
wanay	Chisocheton tenuis
wanay kasps	Aphanamixis polystachya
wask, kamay wask	Ficus iodotricha
waym	Artocarpus incisa
waymn	Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi	great cuckoo-dove
wbl; akan		monitor lizard
wcm; (K) puŋimdep, (G) puŋi-mdep; wlpog	Pseudochirops corinnae	golden ringtail possum or stationary ringtail possum
wdn-ñg	Oreopsittacus arfaki	tearful lory or plum-faced lory
weñgaw	Macaranga pleioneura, Macaranga pleiostemona
wet	Poecilodryas albonotata
wgi; amgln, weñem	Microperoryctes longicauda	long-tailed bandicoot
wlmeñ	Saxicola caprata	pied bush chat
wlmeñ saki	Peneothello sigillatus	white-winged thicket flycatcher
wlmn saw	Rhamnus nepalensis
wobwob		black-headed pitohui
wogdep, kabay cgaŋ		six-plumed bird-of-paradise	adult male
wogñalam	Caprimulgus macrurus	white-tailed nightjar
wogu kas ñluk	Parsonsia sp.
womay	Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
wopkay	Melastoma cyanoides, Otanthera sp.
wopkay ñluk	Osbeckia chinensis
wopkay yb	Melastoma malabathrica
wopwop	Piper subpeltatum
wtay	Cacatua galerita	sulphur-crested cockatoo
wtwt	Conus litteratus	circular disk of Conus litteratus shell
yabagal		lesser bird-of-paradise or yellow bird-of-paradise
yabagay		common scrubhen
yabal = yabay, pkaŋ	Paradisaea minor
yabol, yabol guldak = guldak yabol		earthworm
yagad; aneŋ, kob	Pandanus conoideus
yakt-gu	Sphenostemon papuanum, Sphenostemon pauciflora
yam	Ficus stellaris
ybelŋ	Diplycosia morobeensis, Rhododendron multinervium, Vaccinium sp.
ybelŋ tud	Rhododendron vitis-idaea
ybelŋ, kamay ybelŋ	Rhododendron phaeschitum
ybug, ybug pañpañ	Acronychia montana
ydam, yawed, kapal ps	Psittrichas fulgidus	Pesquet's parrot
ydmañ	Vaccinium albicans
ygesk	Buddleja asiatica
yglu	Arundinella setosa
ygu	Dryadodaphne crassa
yluŋ	Ficus trichoserasa
yman		lice
ymañŋn pl-pat	Hemiprocne mystacea
ymduŋ	Trimenia papuana
ymduŋ; bald, kagm, kas-gs, kay, tglem-tud	Pseudochirops cupreus	copper ringtail possum
ymgenm = yamganm, beŋtud, gtkep	Pogonomys sylvestris	lesser prehensile-tailed rat, bush-tailed giant rat
ymgenm, as ymgenm	Pogonomelomys mayeri	little ringtail possum
ymgenm-tob	Pleuranthodium sp.
ymges	Elaeocarpus nubigena, Elaeocarpus polydactylus
ymges kodlap	Elaeocarpus gardneri
ymges, ksaks	Elaeocarpus altigenus ?
ymges, ymges kas ñluk, ymges kolac, ymges ksaks	Elaeocarpus sp. or spp.
yñ		lizard	generic
yñ km, yñ sidn km	Scincella prehensicauda
yokal	Galbulimima belgraveana
yow	Olearia platophylla
yppok		woodlice
yuak	Philemon novaeguineae	friarbird

Abbreviations:

(G) = the Ti mnm dialect of Kalam, as spoken by the Gobnem and Skow local groups, Upper Kaironk Valley
(K) = the Etp mnm dialect of Kalam, as spoken by the Kaytog (Kaironk) local group, Upper Kaironk Valley
(PL) = plural

Semantics

Colors

Kalam speakers distinguish more than a dozen color categories.^[6]

tud ‘white, light coloured’
sum ‘grey, esp. of hair’
tun ‘light grey; ash’
mosb ‘black, dark coloured’
lkañ ‘red/purple; blood’
pk ‘orange/bright reddish-brown/bright yellowish-brown/rich yellow; ripe’
sml ‘rather bright red-brown/yellow brown’
waln ‘yellow’
mjkmab ‘green’
ksk ‘pale green, yellow-green; unripe (of fruit)’
lban ‘rich green, sheeny; succulent or mature (of foliage)’
gs ‘dull brown, green or olive’
mlp ‘straw coloured; withered (of foliage)’
muk ‘blue’
sŋak ‘blue-grey, as blue-grey clay’
kl ‘striped, spotted, mottled’

Time

Pawley and Bulmer (2011), quoted in Pawley and Hammarström (2018), lists the following temporal adverbs in Kalam.^[7]^[6]

mñi ‘today’
toy ‘tomorrow’
(toy) menk ‘day after tomorrow’
toytk ‘yesterday’
menk atk ‘day before yesterday’
goson ‘3 days from today’
goson atk ‘3 days ago’
ason ‘4 days from today’
ason atk ‘4 days ago’
goson ason ‘5 days from today’
goson ason atk ‘5 days ago’

Morphology

Rhyming compounds

Kalam, like English, has different types of rhyming compounds.^[7]

alternating consonants

gadal-badal [ŋgándálmbándál] ‘placed in a disorderly manner, criss-cross, higgledy-piggledy’
gley-wley [ŋgɨléywuléy] ‘rattling, clattering’

addition of consonants

adk-madk [ándɨkmándɨk] ‘turned over, reversed’
ask-mask [ásɨkmásɨk] ‘ritually restricted’

alternating vowels

ñugl-ñagl [ɲúŋgɨlɲáŋgɨl] ‘sound of evening chorus of insects and frogs’
gtiŋ-gtoŋ [ŋgɨríŋgɨróŋ] ‘loud noise, din, racket’

References

↑ Kalam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
1 2 Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
↑ Majnep, Ian Saem; Bulmer, Ralph (1977). Birds of my Kalam Country [Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 150, 152. ISBN 9780196479538. OCLC 251862814.
1 2 Blevins, Juliette; Pawley, Andrew. "Typological Implications of Kalam Predictable Vowels" (PDF). julietteblevins.ws.gc.cuny.edu.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pawley, Andrew and Ralph Bulmer. 2011. A Dictionary of Kalam with Ethnographic Notes. Canberra. Pacific Linguistics.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
↑ Note: Data in Pawley (2012) is drawn from Pawley and Bulmer (2011).
1 2 3 4 Bulmer, Ralph N.H. and Michael Tyler. 1968. Karam classification of frogs. Journal of the Polynesian Society 77(4): 621–639.
↑ Bulmer, RNH (1975). Kalam Classification Of Reptiles And Fishes. Journal of the Polynesian Society 84(3): 267–308.

Andrew Pawley and Ralph Bulmer. 2011. A dictionary of Kalam with ethnographic notes. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.