| Kanembu | |
|---|---|
| Kanembou | |
| Native to | Chad |
| Region | Bahr el Gazel, Hadjer-Lamis |
| Ethnicity | Kanembu |
Native speakers | 880,000 (2019)[1] |
Early form | |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | kbl |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kbl – Kanembutxj – Old Kanembu |
| Glottolog | kane1243 |
| Linguasphere | 02-AAA-b |
Kanembu is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Chad by the Kanembu people. It is also spoken by a smaller number of people in Niger. It is closely related to Kanuri.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
- /f, b/ can also have allophones of [ɸ, β].[2]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɜ | ɔ |
| Open | a |
- Vowel length is also distributed.
Writing system
Kanembu is written with the Latin script alphabet.
| a | b | c | d | e | ə | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
The letters ⟨â, ê, î, ô, û⟩ are also used. The orthography also uses the digraphs ⟨mb, nd, ng, nj⟩.
The Ajami script was used for Kanembu, since the time of Dunama Dabbalemi, and still today in the Tarjumo language or in religious works.
| 1. A ( ٱ ) – Aliou |
| 2. B (پ) – Bah |
| 3. T (ت)- tah |
| 4. Ŝ ( ث ) – Thouma-tholodou |
| 5. G ( ج ) – Djoum |
| 6. H ( ح ) Hah ngandou |
| 7. Ĥ ( (خ ) Ha Intchia |
| 8. D ( د ) – daal |
| 9. Ď ( ذ ) – Zal |
| 10. R ( ر ) – Rah |
| 11. Z (ز ) – Zay |
| 12. S ( س ) – Souni Ngandou |
| 13. Ĉ (ش ) – Souni Intchia |
| 14. Ŝ (ص ) – Saddou |
| 15. Ś (ض ) – Daddou |
| 16. Ť ( ط ) – tamouska |
| 17. Ž (ظ ) – Zadoumouska |
| 18. Ā ( ع ) – Aayne |
| 19. Ġ ( غ ) – Ga-guine |
| 20. F ( ف )- Fah |
| 21. Q ( ق ) – Kowmi |
| 22. K ( ك ) – Kolossour |
| 23. L ( ل ) – Langatou |
| 24. M ( م ) – Mougouri |
| 25. N ( ڽ ) – Nonowdou |
| 26. Ħ (ه ) – Hadjara |
| 27. W ( و ) – Wow |
| 28. Y ( ي )– Yakissou |
Notes
- ↑ Kanembu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Old Kanembu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) - ↑ Jouannet 1982.
- ↑ SIL Chad 2017a.
- ↑ SIL Chad 2017b.
References
- Jouannet, Francis (1977). "Essai d'inventaire phonétique du parler kanembou des Ngaldoukou du Sud-Kanem". In Caprile, Jean-Pierre (ed.). Études phonologiques tchadiennes. Paris: SELAF. pp. 129–143. ISBN 2-85297-019-8.
- Jouannet, Francis (1982). Le kanembou des Ngaldoukou : langue saharienne parlée sur les rives septentrionales du lac Tchad : phonématique et prosodie. Paris: SELAF. ISBN 2-85297-129-1.
- Lukas, Johannes (1931). Die Sprache der Káidi-Kanembú in Kanem. Hamburg: C. Boysen.
- SIL Chad (2017a). Kakadu Kanembu Kərânei, Kakadu 1 [Nous lisons le kanembou, livre 2] (PDF) (in French). N’Djamena, Tchad: SIL Tchad.
- SIL Chad (2017b). Kakadu Kanembu Kərânei, Kakadu 2 [Nous lisons le kanembou, livre 2] (PDF) (in French). N’Djamena, Tchad: SIL Tchad.
External links
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