Hemiauchenia
Temporal range: Mid Miocene-Late Pleistocene
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Fossil skull of the type species Hemiauchenia paradoxa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Tribe: Lamini
Genus: Hemiauchenia
Gervais & Ameghino, 1880
Species
  • H. macrocephala (Cope, 1893)
  • H. minima (Leidy, 1886)
  • H. blancoensis (Meade,1945)
  • H. vera (Matthew, 1909)
  • H. paradoxa (Gervais & Ameghino, 1880)
  • H. seymourensis
  • H. edensis
  • H. guanajuatensis
  • H. mirim Greco et al., 2022
Synonyms

Tanupolama Stock 1928 Holomeniscus Cope 1884

Hemiauchenia[1] is a genus of laminoid camelids that evolved in North America in the Miocene period about 10 million years ago. This genus diversified and moved to South America in the Late Pliocene approximately 3 to 2 million years ago, as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange, giving rise to modern lamines. The genus became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The monophyly of the genus has been considered questionable, with phylogenetic analyses finding the genus to paraphyletic or polyphyletic.[2][3]

Broad features of genus Hemiauchenia

The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek: ἡμι- (hēmi-, "half"-)[4] and αὐχήν (auchēn, "neck").[5][nb 1] Species are specified using Latin adjectives or Latinised names from other languages.

North American fossils

Restoration of Hemiauchenia (right) and other animals of the Rattlesnake Formation fleeing a volcanic eruption
Skull of Hemiauchenia macrocephala

Remains of these species have been found in assorted locations around North America, including Florida, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Arizona, Mexico, California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington.[7][8] The "large-headed llama", H. macrocephala, was widely distributed in North and Central America, with H. vera being known from the western United States and northern Mexico. H. minima has been found in Florida, and H. guanajuatensis in Mexico.[9]

South American fossils

Fossils of Hemiauchenia in South America are restricted to the Pleistocene and have been found in the Luján and Agua Blanca Formations of Buenos Aires Province and Córdoba Province, Argentina, the Tarija Formation of Bolivia, Pilauco of Osorno, Los Lagos, Chile and Paraíba, Ceará, and the Touro Passo Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.[10] Hemiauchenia paradoxa is suggested to have been a browser.[11]

Distinguishing characteristics of members of Hemiauchenia

H. vera

  • Relatively low-crowned teeth (part of visible teeth ends close to gums)
  • Large caniniform (canine-like) upper first premolar
  • Retention of lower third premolar

H. blancoensis

H. macrocephala

  • Possesses a larger skull relative to other species
  • Long, robust limbs
  • Large skeletal size
  • Presence of a deciduous upper second premolar
  • Fully molariform deciduous second premolar (its infant bicuspids were like molars)
  • High-crowned molars
  • Thick layer of cementum on the teeth
  • Broad mandibular symphysis (line where the bones of the jaw join together) with incisors in a vertical fashion

Thought to have been browsers[12] and mixed feeders.[13] Suggested to be less closely related to modern Lama and Vicugna than H. paradoxa is.[3]

Native to the southern United States, spanning from California to Florida,[14] and as far north as Nebraska.[13] Also present in Mexico.[12]

H. minima

  • Despite being the earliest recognized species, general distinguishing characteristics for H. minima are little known.

Other species

Also, a few lesser known species, such as H. paradoxa, H. seymourensis, H. edensis and H. guanajuatensis, have been found. Depending on which source is consulted, these may or may not be considered legitimate taxa.

Classification history

Prior to 1974, fossil specimens now thought to be Hemiauchenia were classified as Holomeniscus, Lama, and Tanupolama, until S. David Webb proposed that these North and South American fossil species were part of a single genus.[15] This has been accepted by all subsequent researchers, although in 2013, Carolina Saldanha Scherer questioned the inclusion of a certain North American species and suggested that Hemiauchenia is paraphyletic.[2]

Notes

  1. These are used to form a feminine noun to mean "half-neckedness" or "half-carrying the neck"; cf. ὑψηλαυχενία, (hypsēlauchenía, "carrying the neck high").[6]

References

  1. Paleobiology Database - Hemiauchenia basic info
  2. 1 2 Scherer, Carolina Saldanha (March 2013). "The Camelidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Quaternary of South America: Cladistic and Biogeographic Hypotheses". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9203-4. ISSN 1064-7554.
  3. 1 2 Lynch, Sinéad; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Balcarcel, Ana (December 2020). "Description of a fossil camelid from the Pleistocene of Argentina, and a cladistic analysis of the Camelinae". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 139 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s13358-020-00208-6. ISSN 1664-2376. PMC 7590954. PMID 33133011.
  4. ἡμι-. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  5. αὐχήν. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  6. ὑψηλαυχενία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  7. Hulbert Jr., Richard C.; Valdes, Natali (June 6, 2015). "Hemiauchenia macrocephala". Florida Museum. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  8. Heckert, Andrew B. Ph D. "Pliocene (latest Hemphillian and Blancan) vertebrate fossils from the Mangas Basin, southwestern New Mexico". libres.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  9. Ruez, D. R. (2005-09-30). "Earliest Record of Palaeolama (Mammalia, Camelidae) with Comments on "Palaeolama" guanajuatensis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 741–744. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0741:eropmc]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4524496. S2CID 86522528.
  10. Hemiauchenia at Fossilworks.org
  11. Lopes, Renato Pereira; Scherer, Carolina Saldanha; Pereira, Jamil Corrêa; Dillenburg, Sérgio Rebello (July 2023). "Paleoenvironmental changes in the Brazilian Pampa based on carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis of Pleistocene camelid tooth enamel". Journal of Quaternary Science. 38 (5): 702–718. doi:10.1002/jqs.3502. ISSN 0267-8179.
  12. 1 2 Marín-Leyva, Alejandro Hiram; Delgado-García, Sabrina; García-Zepeda, María Luisa; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; López-García, J. Ramón; Plata-Ramírez, Ramón Adrián; Meléndez-Herrera, Esperanza (2023-06-03). "Environmental inferences based on the dietary ecology of camelids from west-central Mexico during the Late Pleistocene". Historical Biology. 35 (6): 1011–1027. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2073822. ISSN 0891-2963.
  13. 1 2 Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent (September 2010). "Trends in the paleodietary habits of fossil camels from the Tertiary and Quaternary of North America". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 295 (1–2): 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.033.
  14. Grayson, D. K. 1994. The extinct Late Pleistocene mammals of the Great Basin. Pages 55–85 inNatural history of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin ( K. T. Harper, J. L. ST. Clair, K. H. Thorne, and W. M. Hess, editors). University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
  15. "Hemiauchenia macrocephala". University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 May 2016.

Further reading

  • Honey, J. H., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. pp. 439–462. In: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Eds: C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 691 pp.
  • Hulbert, R. C. 1992. A checklist of the fossil vertebrates of Florida. Papers in Florida Paleontology, no. 6:25-26.
  • Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, NY, 442 pp. (camels - 301, 306-307).
  • Meachen, Julie A. "A New Species of Hemiauchenia (Camelidae; Lamini) Archived 2021-12-13 at the Wayback Machine" Diss. University of Florida, 2003. Abstract
  • McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, NY, 631 pp. (camels - pp. 413–416).
  • Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Book of Mammals, vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 837 – 1936. (camels - pp. 1072–1081)
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