Gynandromorph of Athyma inara inara
Gynandromorph of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus)
Gynandromorph of Heteropteryx dilatata
Gynandromorph of Crocothemis servilia

A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both male and female characteristics. The term comes from the Greek γυνή (gynē) 'female', ἀνήρ (anēr) 'male', and μορφή (morphē) 'form', and is used mainly in the field of entomology. Gynandromorphism is most frequently recognized in organisms that have strong sexual dimorphism such as certain butterflies, spiders, and birds, but has been recognized in numerous other types of organisms.

Occurrence

Gynandromorphism has been noted in Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) since the 1700s.[1][2][3] It has also been observed in crustaceans, such as lobsters and crabs, in spiders,[4] ticks,[5] flies,[6] locusts,[7] crickets,[8] dragonflies,[9] ants,[10][11] termites,[12] bees,[13] lizards,[14] snakes,[15] rodents,[16][17] and birds.[18][19][20][21][22] It is generally rare but reporting depends on ease of detecting it (whether a species is strongly sexually dimorphic) and how well-studied a region or organism is. For example, up until 2023 gynandromorphism had been reported in more than 40 bird species, but the vast majority of these are from the Palearctic and Nearctic, indicating that it likely is underreported in parts of the world that are not as biologically well-studied.[23]

Pattern of distribution of male and female tissues in a single organism

A gynandromorph can have bilateral symmetry—one side female and one side male.[24] Alternatively, the distribution of male and female tissue can be more haphazard. Bilateral gynandromorphy arises very early in development, typically when the organism has between 8 and 64 cells.[25] Later stages produce a more random pattern.

A notable example in birds is the zebra finch. These birds have lateralised brain structures in the face of a common steroid signal, providing strong evidence for a non-hormonal primary sex mechanism regulating brain differentiation.[26]

Causes

The cause of this phenomenon is typically (but not always) an event in mitosis during early development. While the organism contains only a few cells, one of the dividing cells does not split its sex chromosomes typically. This leads to one of the two cells having sex chromosomes that cause male development and the other cell having chromosomes that cause female development. For example, an XY cell undergoing mitosis duplicates its chromosomes, becoming XXYY. Usually this cell would divide into two XY cells, but in rare occasions the cell may divide into an X cell and an XYY cell. If this happens early in development, then a large portion of the cells are X and a large portion are XYY. Since X and XYY dictate different sexes, the organism has tissue that is female and tissue that is male.[27]

A developmental network theory of how gynandromorphs develop from a single cell based on a working paper links between parental allelic chromosomes was proposed in 2012.[28] The major types of gynandromorphs, bilateral, polar and oblique are computationally modeled. Many other possible gynandromorph combinations are computationally modeled, including predicted morphologies yet to be discovered. The article relates gynandromorph developmental control networks to how species may form. The models are based on a computational model of bilateral symmetry.[29]

As a research tool

Gynandromorphs occasionally afford a powerful tool in genetic, developmental, and behavioral analyses. In Drosophila melanogaster, for instance, they provided evidence that male courtship behavior originates in the brain,[30] that males can distinguish conspecific females from males by the scent or some other characteristic of the posterior, dorsal, integument of females,[31][32] that the germ cells originate in the posterior-most region of the blastoderm,[33] and that somatic components of the gonads originate in the mesodermal region of the fourth and fifth abdominal segment.[34]

See also

References

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  2. Packard, Alpheus Spring (1875). "On Gynandromorphism in the Lepidoptera". Memoirs Read Before the Boston Society of Natural History. 2: 409–412.
  3. Pavid, Katie. "Beauty of the dual-gender butterfly". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  4. Suzuki, Yuya; Kuramitsu, Kazumu; Yokoi, Tomoyuki (2019-06-14). "Morphology and sex-specific behavior of a gynandromorphic Myrmarachne formicaria (Araneae: Salticidae) spider". The Science of Nature. 106 (7): 34. Bibcode:2019SciNa.106...34S. doi:10.1007/s00114-019-1625-x. hdl:2241/00159248. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 31201570. S2CID 189819156.
  5. Labruna, M. B.; Ribeiro, A. F.; Cruz, M. V.; Camargo, L. M A.; Camargo, E. P. (August 2002). "Gynandromorphism in Amblyomma cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae)". Journal of Parasitology. 88 (4): 810–811. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0810:GIACAR]2.0.CO;2. PMID 12197141. S2CID 26299983.
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  7. Maeno, Koutaro; Tanaka, Seiji (September 2007). "Morphological and behavioural characteristics of a gynandromorph of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria". Physiological Entomology. 32 (3): 294–299. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00573.x. S2CID 85317122.
  8. Taniyama, Katsuya; Onodera, Kaori; Tanaka, Kazuhiro (December 2018). "Sexual identity and sexual attractiveness of a gynandromorph of the lawn ground cricket, Polionemobius mikado (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae): Gynandromorph of Polionemobius mikado". Entomological Science. 21 (4): 423–427. doi:10.1111/ens.12321. S2CID 91381517.
  9. Renjith, R. V.; Chandran, A. Vivek (26 June 2020). "A record of gynandromorphism in the libellulid dragonfly Crocothemis servilia (Insecta: Odonata) from India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 12 (9): 16183–16186. doi:10.11609/jott.5322.12.9.16183-16186.
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  12. Miyaguni, Yasushi; Nozaki, Tomonari; Yashiro, Toshihisa (August 2017). "The first report of gynandromorphy in termites (Isoptera; Kalotermitidae; Neotermes koshunensis)". The Science of Nature. 104 (7–8): 60. Bibcode:2017SciNa.104...60M. doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1478-0. PMID 28676938. S2CID 21170853.
  13. Lucia, Mariano; Gonzalez, Victor. H. (1 November 2013). "A New Gynandromorph of Xylocopa frontalis with a Review of Gynandromorphism in Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 106 (6): 853–856. doi:10.1603/AN13085. hdl:11336/23238. S2CID 84567180.
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  20. Powdermill Banding Fall 2004 Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
  21. A Gender-bender Colored Cardinal, by Tim Wall, Discovery News, 31 May 2011 Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  22. "Half-cock chicken mystery solved". BBC News. 11 March 2010.
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  28. Werner, Eric (2012). "A Developmental Network Theory of Gynandromorphs, Sexual Dimorphism and Species Formation". arXiv:1212.5439 [q-bio.MN].
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