David Starr Jordan
1st Chancellor of Stanford University
In office
1913 (1913)–1916 (1916)
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byRay Lyman Wilbur
1st President of Stanford University
In office
1891 (1891)–1913 (1913)
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byJohn C. Branner
7th President of Indiana University
In office
1884 (1884)–1891 (1891)
Preceded byLemuel Moss
Succeeded byJohn Merle Coulter
Personal details
Born(1851-01-19)January 19, 1851
Wyoming County, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 19, 1931(1931-09-19) (aged 80)
Stanford, California, U.S.
Spouses
Susan Bowen
(m. 1875; died 1885)
    Jessie Knight
    (m. 1887)
    Children6, including Edith
    Alma mater
    ProfessionIchthyologist, University President
    Scientific career
    FieldsIchthyology
    Institutions
    Academic advisorsAndrew Dickson White
    Doctoral studentsCharles Henry Gilbert
    Other notable students
    Author abbrev. (zoology)Jordan

    David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career. Prior to serving as president of Stanford University, he had served as president of Indiana University from 1884 to 1891.

    Starr was also a strong supporter of eugenics, and his published views expressed a fear of "race-degeneration" and asserted that cattle and human beings are "governed by the same laws of selection". He was an antimilitarist since he believed that war killed off the best members of the gene pool, and he initially opposed American involvement in World War I.[1][2][3]

    Early life and career

    Jordan was born in Gainesville, New York, and grew up on a farm in upstate New York. His parents made the unorthodox decision to educate him at a local girls' high school.[4] His middle name, Starr, does not appear in early census records, and was apparently self-selected; he had begun using it by the time that he was enrolled at Cornell. He said that it was in honor of his mother's devotion to the minister Thomas Starr King.

    He was inspired by Louis Agassiz to pursue his studies in ichthyology. He was part of the first freshman class of undergraduates at Cornell University and graduated in 1872[5] with a master's degree in botany.

    He wrote in his autobiography The Days of a Man, "During the three years which followed [my entrance as a 'belated' freshman in March 1869], I completed all the requirements for a degree of Bachelor of Science, besides about two year of advanced work in Botany. Taking this last into consideration, the faculty conferred on me at graduation in June 1872, the advanced degree of Master of Science instead of the conventional Bachelor's Degree ... it was afterward voted not to grant any second degree within a year after the Bachelor had been received. I was placed, quite innocently, in the position of being the only graduate of Cornell to merge two degrees into one." His master's thesis was on the topic "The Wild Flowers of Wyoming County".[6]

    Jordan initially taught natural history courses at several small Midwestern colleges and secondary schools, including at Indianapolis High School.

    While in Indianapolis, Jordan obtained a Doctor of Medicine degree from Indiana Medical College in 1875.[7] The Indiana Medical College in Indianapolis opened in 1869 and merged out of existence in 1878.[8] Standards at Indiana Medical College were not particularly high.[9] Jordan himself, reflecting on the experience noted that "I was also able to spend some time in the Medical College, from which, in the spring of 1875, I received the (scarcely earned) degree of Doctor of Medicine, though it had not at all been my intention to enter that profession."[10] The following year, in 1876, Jordan taught comparative anatomy at the college.[11]

    Jordan also holds an honorary PhD[12][13] awarded to him by Butler University in 1877.[14]

    He was then accepted into the natural history faculty of Indiana University Bloomington as a professor of zoology in 1879. His teaching included his version of eugenics, which "sought to prevent the decay of the Anglo-Saxon/Nordic race by limiting racial mixing and by preventing the reproduction of those he deemed unfit."[15]

    Personal life

    Portrait of Susan Bowen Jordan in 1879

    Jordan married Susan Bowen (1845–1885), a biologist and a graduate of Mount Holyoke College (whom he had met at Louis Agassiz's Penikese Island Summer School of Science), in her hometown of Peru, Massachusetts on March 10, 1875. She died at age 39, after 10 years of marriage, following a brief illness. Bowen was six years Jordan's senior.

    They had three children: the educator Edith Monica (1877–1965), Harold Bowen (1882–1959), and Thora (1884–1886).[16]

    Jordan later married Jessie Knight (1866–1952) in 1887. At the time of their marriage, two years after his first wife's death, Knight was 21 years old and Jordan was 36. They met while he was serving as president of Indiana University. He and his second wife had three additional children: Knight Starr (1888–1947), Barbara (1891–1900), and Eric Knight (1903–1926).[7][4][17]

    Indiana University presidency

    In 1885, he was named president of Indiana University and became the nation's youngest university president at only 34 and the first Indiana University president who was not an ordained minister.[18]

    He improved the university's finances and public image, doubled its enrollment, and instituted an elective system; like Cornell's, it was an early application of the modern liberal arts curriculum.[4]

    It was through studying blind cave fish that the Indiana zoologist David Starr Jordan rose to prominence. A scientist of great charisma, he would lead IU before being chosen in 1891 as the first president of Stanford University. By my time at IU, however, Jordan was locally best known for quipping that every time he learned the name of a student he forgot the name of a fish.[19]

    Stanford presidency

    In March 1891, he was approached by Leland and Jane Stanford, who offered him the presidency of Leland Stanford Junior University, which was about to open in California. Andrew White, the president of Cornell, had been offered the position but instead recommended Jordan to the Stanfords based on an educational philosophy fit with the Stanfords' vision of a nonsectarian co-educational school with a liberal arts curriculum. Jordan quickly accepted the offer,[4] arrived at Stanford in June 1891, and immediately set about recruiting faculty for the university's planned September opening. Pressed for time, he drew heavily on his own acquaintances; most of the 15 founding professors came either from Cornell or Indiana University. That first year at Stanford, Jordan was instrumental in establishing the university's Hopkins Marine Station. He served Stanford as president until 1913 and then chancellor until his retirement in 1916. The university decided not to renew his three-year-term as chancellor in 1916. As the years went on, Jordan became increasingly alienated from the university.[18]

    While he was chancellor, he was elected president of the National Education Association.[20] Jordan was a member in the Bohemian Club and the University Club in San Francisco.[21] Jordan served as a director of the Sierra Club from 1892 to 1903.[22]

    David Starr Jordan House

    David Starr Jordan House in Carmel-by-the-Sea.

    In 1905, he was one of the first professors to build a summer home at the northeast corner of Camino Real and 7th Avenue, on what became known as "Professors' Row" in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was good friends with Stanford University professor of entomology Vernon Lyman Kellogg who also lived in Carmel.[23][24]

    Eugenics

    In 1899, Jordan delivered an essay at Stanford on behalf of racial segregation and racial purity.[25] In the essay, Jordan claimed that "For a race of men or a herd of cattle are governed by the same laws of selection." Jordan expressed great fears and phobias for "race degeneration" that would result unless great endeavors were put forward to maintain "racial unity".

    Eugenics-based argument against war

    One of Jordan's main theses in the essay was that his goals for an ideal society are better engendered by peace than war. His argument against warfare contended that it is detrimental because it removes the strongest men from the gene pool.[26][27][28] Jordan asserted, "Future war is impossible because the nations cannot afford it."[29] As one commentator put it, "Though he found meager evidence to support his preconceptions, he still confidently asserted that 'always and everywhere, war means the reversal of natural selection.'"[3]:79

    Jordan was president of the World Peace Foundation from 1910 to 1914 and president of the World Peace Conference in 1915 and initially opposed American entry into World War I[18] although he changed his position in 1917 after he became convinced that a German victory would threaten democracy.[3]

    Multiple publications of essay

    Soon after it was first delivered, the essay was published by the American Unitarian Association (copyright 1902) under the main title of "The Blood of the Nation" and a subtitle of "A Study of the Decay of Races Through the Survival of the Unfit". Multiple editions of that version followed over the next few years.[30]

    An expanded version of the essay was delivered in Philadelphia at the 200th anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's birth in 1906 and printed by the American Philosophical Society. The following year, an expanded version of the original essay with an embossed cover was published by Beacon Press in Boston under the new main title "The Human Harvest" and the same subtitle.[31] This new version was dedicated to Jordan's older brother Rufus, who had volunteered to fight in the American Civil War and, according to Jordan, was part of the "'Human Harvest' of 1862". Jordan's eugenic and anti-war views may have been in part shaped by the death of his brother in 1862 from a 'camp fever', likely typhoid, immediately after enlisting to fight in the American civil war.[32]

    In 1910, the original and slimmer version of the essay was again published by the American Unitarian Association in a "present less expensive form to insure the widest possible distribution."[33]

    In 1915, Jordan published an "extended treatise on the same subject" titled War and Breed and again through the Beacon Press in Boston.[34] Here Jordan defines and begins to employ the relatively recent term "eugenics" and its opposite "dysgenics".[35]

    Influential role

    In 1928 Jordan served on the initial board of trustees of the Human Betterment Foundation, a eugenics organization that advocated compulsory sterilization legislation in the United States.[36][37] He then chaired the first Committee on Eugenics of the American Breeder's Association from which the California program of forced deportation and sterilization emerged.[38] Jordan then went on to help found the Human Betterment Foundation as a trustee. The foundation published Sterilization for Human Betterment.

    Role in apparent murder of Jane Stanford

    In 1905, Jordan launched an apparent coverup of the murder of Jane Stanford. While vacationing in Oahu, Stanford had suddenly died of strychnine poisoning according to the local coroner's jury. Jordan then sailed to Hawaii, hired a physician to investigate the case, and declared she had in fact died of heart failure, a condition whose symptoms bear no relationship to those that were actually observed.[39][40] His motive for doing this has been a subject of speculation. One possibility is that he was simply acting to protect the reputation of the university[39][41] since its finances were precarious, and a scandal might have damaged fundraising. He had written the president of Stanford's board of trustees, offered several alternate explanations for Mrs. Stanford's death, and suggested to select whichever would be most suitable.[39] Since Mrs. Stanford had a difficult relationship with him and reportedly planned to remove him from his position at the university, he might also have had a personal motive to eliminate suspicions that might have swirled around an unsolved crime.[42] Jordan's version of Mrs. Stanford's demise[43] was largely accepted until the appearance of several publications in 2003 that emphasized the evidence that she was murdered.[39][41][42][44]

    Final years and legacy

    In retirement, Jordan remained active, writing on ichthyology, world relations, peace, and his autobiography.[18]

    Lifetime honors and awards

    • 1877 Honorary Ph.D. awarded by Butler University[45]
    • 1886 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Cornell University[46][47]
    • 1902 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Johns Hopkins University[48]
    • 1909 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Indiana University[49]

    Skepticism

    Although a proponent of eugenics, Jordan was skeptical of certain other pseudoscientific claims. He coined the term "sciosophy" to describe the "systematized ignorance" of the pseudoscientist.[50][51] His later work, The Higher Foolishness, inspired the philosopher Martin Gardner to write his treatise on scientific skepticism, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.[50] However, Gardner noted that "the book is infuriating because although Jordan mentions the titles of dozens of crank works, from which he quotes extensively, he seldom tells you the names of the authors."[50]

    Children

    His daughters Thora (1884–1886) and Barbara (1891–1900) died in childhood.[52]

    His son, Eric Knight Jordan (1903–1926), died at 22 in a traffic accident near Gilroy, California.[53][54] Eric had participated in a paleontological expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands and was considering an academic career.[55]

    Death

    On September 19, 1931, Jordan died at his home on the Stanford campus after he had suffered a series of strokes over two years.[56]

    Monuments and memorials

    The former Jordan Hall at Stanford University in May 2020 (now known as Building 420)

    Geographical landmarks

    In July 2020, the president of the Sierra Club denounced Jordan and its other early leaders for being "vocal advocates for white supremacy and its pseudo-scientific arm, eugenics." The president also announced, "We will also spend the next year studying our history and determining which of our monuments need to be renamed or pulled down entirely." It is not yet clear how their reassessment would affect the status of Mount Jordan, which the club had helped to name in 1926, or that of other geographic features that bear Jordan's name.[60]

    Namesake Tree

    The David Starr Jordan "Namesake Tree" at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Campus Arboretum, an Indian rubber tree (Ficus elastica) was given to Jordan at the outset of a trip to Japan, and planted by him on December 11, 1922,[61] now listed as an Exceptional Tree of Hawai‘i.[62]

    Fishery research vessel

    In 1966, the fisheries research ship David Starr Jordan was commissioned for service with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The ship later served in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fleet as NOAAS David Starr Jordan (R 444)[63] before it was decommissioned in 2010[64] and sold to a private company, who renamed it the R/V Ocean Starr.[65]

    Schools named or formerly named for David Starr Jordan

    During the 20th century several schools were named after him or in his honor. However, most of them were renamed in the 21st century, as his eugenics activities became well known.

    University campus buildings

    Jordan was closely associated with Indiana University and Stanford University, and both schools named buildings and other campus features after him. However, as his reputation became more controversial in the 2000s, they acted to remove Jordan's name from their respective campuses.

    Stanford honored its former president in 1917 by renaming its zoology building, built in 1899, to Jordan Hall.[76] Other campus features were named Jordan Quad, Jordan Modulars, and Jordan Way. In October 2020 the Stanford Board of Trustees voted unanimously, on the recommendation of an advisory committee, to remove Jordan's name from all four facilities. The former Jordan Hall was to be referred to as Building 420 until a permanent name could be selected sometime the following year. Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne was charged to rename Jordan Quad and Jordan Modulars. The advisory committee recommended that the renaming of Jordan Way, a street on the medical campus, "may take place during the course of ongoing construction and planning."[77][78][79]

    When Indiana University built a new building for its biology department in 1956, the building was named in honor of Jordan, its former president and biology faculty member.[80][81][82] In October 2020 the Indiana University Board of Trustees voted overwhelmingly to remove Jordan's name from the biology building as well as a parking garage and a "river" (actually a small creek) that runs through the center of the campus. Jordan's name was stripped from these places immediately after the trustee meeting had concluded, and they were given temporary, generic names to be used until permanent names could be selected the following year. Jordan Hall, the Jordan River and the Jordan Avenue Parking Garage became respectively the Biology Building, the Campus River, and the East Parking Garage.[83][84][85] In August 2021, staff members of the Biology Department sent a petition to the new IU President Pamela Whitten urging the university leadership to rename the Biology Building in honor of James P. Holland, an African-American IU alumnus, award-winning former faculty member and endocrinologist who died in 1998.[86][87]

    IU President Michael McRobbie requested the University Naming Committee to work with the city of Bloomington to find a name as a replacement for Jordan Avenue, a thoroughfare that is owned in part by IU and in part by the city.[88] As of October 2020, there were calls in the Bloomington City Council for Jordan Avenue to be renamed.[89] In April 2021, the Mayor of Bloomington created a seven-member task force to investigate possible replacement names for Jordan Avenue.[90] In September 2021, the City of Bloomington Plan Commission announced that it approved the renaming of Jordan Avenue to Eagleson Avenue while IU is in the process of renaming its section of the street to Fuller Lane pending approval by the IU Renaming Committee and IU's board of trustees. The city planned to complete their street renaming by February 2022. Both new street names honor prominent African-American families who moved to Bloomington after being born into slavery.[91] In December 2021, IU's board of trustees reconsidered their decision to rename the university's section of the street as Fuller Lane by adopting Eagleson Avenue as the new name for the University-owned section of Jordan Avenue.[92][93]

    As of September 2021, the Indiana University South Bend campus has a scholarship named in honor of Jordan that enables its students to study outside of the United States for a short period.[94]

    Cornell's David Starr Jordan Prize (1986–2020)

    Starting in 1986, the David Starr Jordan Prize was funded as a joint endowment by Cornell University, Indiana University, and Stanford. Every three years it was awarded to a young scientist (under 40 years) who made contributions in one of Jordan's interests of evolution, ecology, population or organismal biology.[95] The prize was last awarded in 2015 to a biology professor at the University of Texas at Austin.[96]

    As Jordan's reputation became more controversial due to his support of eugenics, and particularly after the removal of Jordan's name from buildings on the campuses of Stanford and Indiana universities in 2020, there were calls to rename the prize. The prize was officially discontinued in 2020 and the endowment funds were returned to their respective universities.[97]

    Papers

    Jordan's papers are housed at Stanford University[98] and at Swarthmore College.[18]

    Works

    Books

    Selected articles

    Miscellany

    Eponymy

    Numerous genera and species bear the name Jordan.

    Genera: Jordania Starks, 1895, Davidijordania Popov, 1931, and Jordanella Goode & Bean, 1879

    Species:

    Taxa described by him

    • See Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan

    References

    1. "David Starr Jordan '72" (PDF). Cornell Alumni News. I (6): 39, 43. May 10, 1899. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
    2. David Starr Jordan The Blood of the Nation: A Study of the Decay of Races through the Survival of the Unfit. (copyright 1902, reprinted 1910) p 12 Archived October 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The term "race" occurs more than 30 times in the short book. The term "eugenics" is not in there, but the basic concept is described.
    3. 1 2 3 Abrahamson, James L (1976). "David Starr Jordan and American Antimilitarism". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 67 (2): 76–87. JSTOR 40489774.
    4. 1 2 3 4 Johnston, Theresa (January–February 2010). "Meet President Jordan". Stanford Magazine. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
    5. Cornell University (1922). Cornell alumni directory, containing the foundation, history, and government of the University; the principal alumni organizations; a directory of the alumni. Cornell University Library. Ithaca, N.Y.
    6. Jordan, David Starr (1922). The Days of a Man: 1851-1899. World Book Company.
    7. 1 2 "Jordan, David Starr". The National cyclopaedia of American biography. Vol. 22. New York: James T. White & Company. 1932. pp. 68–70. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
    8. "Medical College of Indiana". lost-colleges. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
    9. "Medical College of Indiana". lost-colleges. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
    10. Jordan, David Starr (1922). The Days of a Man: 1851-1899. World Book Company.
    11. Jordan, David Starr (1922). The Days of a Man: 1851-1899. World Book Company.
    12. Jordan, David Starr (1907). Footnotes to Evolution: A Series of Popular Addresses on the Evolution of Life. D. Appleton.
    13. Jordan, David Starr (1884). Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, Including the District East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina and Tennessee, Exclusive of Marine Species. Jansen, McClurg.
    14. "Butler College Alumni Directory 1856-1912".
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    27. Jordan, D.S. (October 1915). "War Selection in the Ancient World". The Scientific Monthly. 1 (1): 36–43. Bibcode:1915SciMo...1...36S. JSTOR 6241.
    28. Jordan, D.S. (February 1924). "The Last Cost of War". Advocate of Peace Through Justice. 86 (2): 110–114. JSTOR 20660507.
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