Bikwin–Jen
Jen
Geographic
distribution
Taraba State, eastern Nigeria
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
GlottologNone
bikw1235  (Bikwin–Jen)

The Bikwin–Jen or simply the Jen languages form a branch of the Adamawa family. They are spoken in and around Karim Lamido LGA (to the north of Jalingo LGA) in Taraba State, and in other nearby states of eastern Nigeria.

Bikwin-Jen may not necessarily be a coherent group. Due to the internal diversity of Bikwin-Jen, Guldemann (2018) suggests that Bikwin and Jen could form separate groups.[1]

Classification

Norton & Othaniel (2020) and Norton (2019) refer to Bikwin–Jen simply as Jen. Kleinewillinghöfer (2015) uses the name Bikwin–Jen.

Kleinewillinghöfer (2015)

Kleinewillinghöfer (2015) classifies the Bikwin-Jen group as follows in the Adamawa Languages Project website.[2]

Bikwin-Jen

Norton & Othaniel (2020)

Classification of the Jen languages by Norton & Othaniel (2020):[3]

Jen

Burak-Loo

Maghdi, Mak

Kyak-Moo-Leelau

Tha

Doso-Dza

Language names, ISO codes, and autonyms of the Jen languages (Norton & Othaniel 2020):[3]

ISO 639-3 codeLanguage nameAutonym(s)
bysBurak[ɓʊ̄ːrɑ̀k]
ldoLoo (Shungo Galdemaru, Shungo Waamura, Tadam)[ʃʊ̀ŋɔ́]; [lō] ‘head’
gmdMaghdi (Tala)[mɑ̀kdī], [mɑ̂ɣdī]
pblMak (Lee Mak) of Panya and Zoo[mɑ̀k], [lè mɑ̀k] ‘they (of) Mak’
bkaKyak (Bambuka)[kjɑ᷅ k̃ ]
gwgMoo (Gomu)[mɔ̄]
ldkLeelau (Munga Leelau)[lê ləù] ‘road (to) Lau’
mkoMunga Doso[mɨŋɡɑ̃ dɔsɔ] ‘river original’
jenDza of Jen and Joole[i-d͡zə] (d͡zə ‘reed plant sp.’)
thyTha (Joole Manga)[ðə̀], [ɲwɑ́ ðɑ́] (ɲwɑ́ ‘mouth’)

Norton & Othaniel (2020) also reconstruct more than 250 words for Proto-Jen.[3]

Norton (2019)

Jen cluster classification according to Norton (2019):[4]

  • Jen
  • Burak, Loo
  • Maghdi, LeeMak
  • Kyak-Moo-LeeLau (Munga LeeLau)
  • Tha (Joole Manga)
  • Doso-Dza (Munga Doso; Dza-Joole)

Language varieties that are part of the Jen cluster according to Norton (2019):[4]

Jen cluster
  • Burak
  • Loo of Galdemaru and Waamura
  • Maghdi (Tala)
  • Mak (LeeMak) of Panya and Zoo
  • Kyãk (Bambuka)
  • Moo (Gomu)
  • LeeLau (Munga LeeLau)
  • Munga Doso
  • Dza (Jenjo) and Joole
  • Tha (Joole Manga)

Names and locations

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[5]

LanguageBranchClusterDialectsAlternate spellingsOwn name for languageEndonym(s)Other names (location-based)Other names for languageExonym(s)SpeakersLocation(s)
ThaBikwin-JenTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA and Adamawa State, Numan LGA. Joole Manga Dìdí village
DzaJenDza, Jannwa’ DzâÈédzá, ídzàJenjo, Janjo, Jen6,100 (1952). Figures for Dza may include other Jen groups such as Joole and Tha (q.v.)
JooleJenèèʒììnwá èèʒììTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA and Adamawa State, Numan LGA. Along the Benue River.
Mingang DosoJenMungaŋwai MәngànMingang DosoDosọTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. East of Karim Lamido town. One village and associated hamlets.
BurakBikwinyu Ɓuurak pl. yele Ɓuuraknyuwǎ Ɓúúrák‘YeleShongom [name of an LGA]4,000 (1992 est.)Gombe State, Shongom LGA, Burak town. 25 villages. A highly distinctive form is spoken in Tadam village.
KyakBikwinKyãkKyãkBambuka10,000 (SIL)Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, Bambuka
LeelạuBikwinLeloMungaOne village and an associated hamletTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. East of Karim Lamido town.
LooBikwinShúŋ̣ ó ̣Shúŋ̣ ó–̣ North, Shúŋ̣ ó–̣ South8,000 (1992 est.)Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State, Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 30 km. North of Karim Lamido town. Lo village and associated hamlets.
MaghdiBikwinMághdìMághdì sg., lee Mághdì pl.Widala also applies to KholokFewer than 2,000 (1992)Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. A section of the Widala
MakBikwinPanya, ZoMakLeeMakPanya, Panyam (From Poonya, the name of a founding hero) ZooTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. north of Karim Lamido town.
MɔɔBikwinŋwaa Mɔ́ɔ̀yáá Mɔ̀ɔ̀Gwomo, Gwom, Gwomu, GomuTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA

See also

References

  1. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
  2. Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Bikwin-Jen group. Adamawa Languages Project.
  3. 1 2 3 Norton, Russell; Othaniel, Nlabephee (2020). "The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists" (PDF). Language in Africa. 1 (3): 17–99. doi:10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99.
  4. 1 2 Norton, Russell (2019). "The Jen cluster: comparative analysis of wordlists".
  5. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

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