British Coldstream Guardsmen and a member of the Italian Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna" wearing their bearskins as a part of their ceremonial uniforms.

A bearskin is a tall fur cap, usually worn as part of a ceremonial military uniform. Traditionally, the bearskin was the headgear of grenadiers, and remains in use by grenadier and guards regiments in various armies.

History

Depiction of the French Imperial Guard wearing their bearskins.

The cloth caps worn by the original grenadiers in European armies during the seventeenth century were frequently trimmed with fur. The earliest record of a bearskin cap being worn by soldiers in Europe was during the mid-17th century.[1]

The practice fell into disuse until the second half of the eighteenth century, when grenadiers in the British, Spanish, and French armies began wearing high fur hats with cloth tops, and, sometimes, ornamental front plates. Imitating their Prussian counterparts, French grenadiers are described as wearing bearskins as early as 1761.[2] The purpose appears to have been to add to the apparent height and impressive appearance of these troops both on the parade ground and the battlefield.[3]

During the nineteenth century, the expense of bearskin caps, and difficulty of maintaining them in good condition on active service led to this form of headdress becoming generally limited to guardsmen, bands, or other units having a ceremonial role. The British Foot Guards and Royal Scots Greys did however wear bearskins in battle during the Crimean War, and on peacetime manoeuvres until the introduction of khaki service dress in 1902.[4]

Immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, bearskins were still worn by guard, ceremonial palace, or other units in the British, Belgian, Danish, Dutch, Imperial German, Russian, and Swedish armies.[5] The Italian Sardinian Grenadiers had discarded bearskins in the nineteenth century, but were to readopt them for limited ceremonial wear in modern times.

On an unusually warm June day in London in 2023, three British soldiers of the Bands of the Household Division fainted during a rehearsal in full dress, wearing woolen uniform and bearskin,[6] leading a NY Times commentator to question the sense of "soldiering on in our old, wrong clothes" in the light of climate change.[7]

Contemporary use

As of 2020, there were 14 countries whose militaries used bearskin as a part of their ceremonial uniforms. Italy and Sweden are the only two European countries that use bearskins made out of synthetic materials instead of real fur.[1]

Australia

The Pipes and Drums Band of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment is authorised to wear a bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial dress.[8][9]

Belgium

Members of the Belgian Royal Escort in their ceremonial uniforms, which includes a bearskin cap.

Two units in Belgium presently use the bearskin cap, the Belgian Royal Escort of the Belgian Federal Police;[10] and the Regiment Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn – Grenadiers of the Belgian Armed Forces Land Component.

The uniforms of the Belgian Royal Escort, along with their bearskin caps, date back to 1939 when the unit was part of the Belgian Gendarmerie. Modelled after the Gendarmerie's pre-1914 uniforms, the uniforms featured a 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) bearskin cap adorned with a plume. Initially, Royal Belgian Escort captains wore bearskin caps with a white plume, while other unit members had caps with a different colored plume. However, in 1997, the design of the bearskin caps was standardized, and red plumes were used on all caps regardless of rank. The Royal Belgian Escort continued to wear these uniforms after the Gendarmerie was merged with other police units to form the Federal Police in 2001.[11]

Until 1914, bearskins were worn in parade uniform by the Régiment des Grenadiers of the Belgian Army.[12] Bearskins were used in peacetime manoeuvres until around 1900. The Régiment des Grenadiers' modern successor, the Regiment Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn – Grenadiers has readopted this headdress for limited ceremonial purposes.

Canada

The bearskin caps used by the Canadian Armed Forces are of black fur and include a coloured plume (hackle) on the side of the bearskin and a gold-coloured chin strap.[13] The Department of National Defence claims that the bearskin caps used by its units are over 20 years old, and are made from black bears hunted in Canada.[14]

Black fur bearskins used by the Canadian Army includes a coloured plumes.

The Canadian Forces Dress Instructions authorise the use of bearskins for all its foot guards and fusilier regiments.[13] In addition to foot guards and fusiliers, two line infantry regiments are also authorised to wear a bearskin cap with their ceremonial full-dress uniform: the Royal 22e Régiment (R22eR) and the Royal Regiment of Canada (RRegtC).[13] Usage of the bearskin cap by the R22eR is attributed to its historical regimental alliance with the British Army's Royal Welch Fusiliers,[15] while the use of bearskins by the RRegtC is attributed to the regiment's historical lineage from The Royal Grenadiers of the Canadian Militia.[16]

Bearskins used by fusilier regiments and the R22eR have their unit's cap badge at the front of the bearskin, while those of foot guards and the RRegtC do not have cap badges.

The following is a list of regiments whose members are authorised to wear a bearskin cap with their full dress uniform, along with the colour used on the unit's plume:

Additionally, the military band of a unit that is authorised to wear the bearskin cap is also allowed to wear it as a part of their ceremonial uniform. These bands include The Band of The Royal Regiment of Canada, La Musique du Royal 22e Régiment, and the Governor General's Foot Guards Band. In addition to these units, the drum major of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada Band[note 2] are also authorised to wear the bearskin.

Denmark

A Danish Royal Life Guardsman with a bearskin

The headgear was first adopted by the Royal Danish Army's Royal Life Guards in 1805.[19][20] The Royal Life Guards typically wear bearskin caps as a part of their uniform when performing public duties like at Amalienborg. However, on exceptionally warm days, they will be authorised to wear an alternative headgear to mitigate discomfort and prevent overheating.[21]

The bearskin caps used by the Royal Life Guards are manufactured by Rützou saddlery at a workshop based in Taastrup. Rützou purchases its raw materials from a fur company based in Glostrup, which sources its furs from black bears in Canada. After the furs are acquired by Rützou, they are sent abroad to be dyed and tanned before they are returned to Rützou for processing and adaptation. The bearskin cap weighs approximately 2 kilograms (4.4 lb).[22] Its fur is dyed jet black and its fur is at least 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in length.[22][23]

The Royal Life Guards have approximately 600 to 700 bearskin caps in total. Given the limited number of bearskin caps, each headgear is used by approximately three different individuals each year. The bearskin caps last approximately 25 years with regular servicing and repairs, with the Royal Life Guards only ordering a limited number of new bearskins to replace worn-out caps.[22]

Italy

Two units within the Italian Army's Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanised Brigade use the bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform, the 1st Granatieri di Sardegna Regiment, and the 8th Cavalry Regiment Lancieri di Montebello. As opposed to real bearskin, the bearskin caps of both regiments uses artificial fur.[1]

Kenya

Bearskins are used by members of the Kenya Army Band of the Kenya Defence Forces as a part of their ceremonial uniform.[1]

Netherlands

Bearskins used by the Dutch Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment

One unit of the Royal Netherlands Army uses the bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform, the Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment.[10]

Spain

One company of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment, which during ceremonies, is authorised to wear grenadier uniforms of the Charles III period, uses bearskins.

Sri Lanka

Presently the military band of the Sri Lanka Artillery uses the bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform.

Sweden

Bearskin model 1823/1824, used by an officer in the Swedish Life Guards.

Presently, the grenadier company of the Swedish Army's Life Guards wears a bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform. The bearskin is made out of nylon as opposed to real bearskin.[1]

Usage of the bearskin by the Life Guards originates with its predecessor unit, Svea Life Guards. The unit was eventually merged with the Swedish Life Guard Dragoons in 2000 to form the present Life Guards unit. Usage of the bearskin with the Svea Life Guards dates back to 1823, when Alexander I of Russia presented Charles XIV of Sweden a bearskin cap as a gift to be used by the Svea Life Guards.

United Kingdom

Use of the bearskin cap was adopted by all Foot Guards, and several other regiments, including the Royal Scots Greys and its successor unit, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards.[24] Drum majors of fusilier regiments will also generally wear a bearskin or artificial bearskin cap.[25]

British bearskin caps were a form of headdress that evolved from mitre caps worn in the 18th century by grenadiers.[24] In 1768, the long cloth caps worn by grenadiers were discontinued, and bearskin caps were introduced.[26] Following the Battle of Waterloo, all members of the newly named Grenadier Guards were permitted to wear the bearskin.[27] This privilege had previously been restricted to the grenadier company of the regiment.[28] In 1831, this distinction was extended to the other two regiments of foot guards (Coldstream and Scots) in existence at that date.[29] Bearskins were subsequently adopted by the Irish Guards and the Welsh Guards when raised in 1900 and 1915 respectively.[30]

The bearskin caps for British foot guards are coloured black

The standard bearskin for the British foot guards is 11 inches (280 millimetres) tall at the front, 16 inches (410 millimetres) to the rear, weighs 1.5 pounds (0.68 kilograms), and is made from the fur of the Canadian black bear.[31] An officer's bearskin is made from the fur of the Canadian brown bear, as the female brown bear has thicker, fuller fur; officers' caps are dyed black. An entire skin is used for each headdress.[32] The British Army purchased the caps from a British hatmaker which sources its pelts at an international auction. The hatmakers purchase between 50 and 100 black bear skins each year at a cost of about £650 each.[33]

On 3 August 1888, The New York Times reported that bearskin caps might be phased out because of a shortage of bear skins. The article stated that, at that time, bearskin hats cost £7–5s each (about 35 contemporary US dollars;[34] £600 in 2007 pounds)[35] and noted "it can readily be seen what a price has to be paid for keeping up a custom which is rather old, it is true, but is practically a useless one save for the purpose of military display."[36]

In 2005, the Ministry of Defence began a two-year test of artificial fur for the hats. The army has already replaced beaverskin caps and leopard skins, worn by some of its soldiers, with artificial materials.[37] However, in 2020, the Ministry of Defence stated that it could not find a bearskin cap made out of alternative materials that matches the "natural properties of bear fur", and claimed that artificial fur failed to meet four of its five requirements.[1][38] The claim has been disputed by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), who filed for judicial review of the Ministry of Defence's decision in 2022, claiming that the ministry had failed to adhere to its procedures and that artificial fur meets and, in some cases, exceeds its requirements.[38]

Between 2017 and 2022, the Ministry of Defence purchased 498 bearskin caps for use by its units.[14]

United States

The Second Company Governor's Foot Guard of the Connecticut State Guard state defence force wears a bearskin cap as a part of their ceremonial uniform.[1]

A drum major of the United States Coast Guard Band wearing a bearskin cap. Drum majors in most American military bands wears a bearskin cap.

Bearskin caps are also worn by drum majors in military bands maintained by the United States Air Force, the United States Army, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Marine Corps, and the United States Navy.[39][40][41][42][43] However, drum majors in the United States Army only wear bearskin caps for a "handful of assignments".[40] Example of military bands in the US Armed Forces that wear bearskin caps include the United States Air Force Band, the United States Army Band, the United States Army Field Band, the United States Coast Guard Band, the United States Marine Band, the United States Navy Band, and the military bands of United States service academies.

In addition to military units, several civilian marching bands also adorn their drum majors with these headpieces as opposed to their synthetic counterparts. University marching bands which were established through military means typically follow this style of dress for their drum majors.

Opposition against using real bearskin

Several politicians have voiced their opposition to the use of the headgear. In 1997, the British Minister for Defence Procurement Lord Gilbert said that he wanted to see bearskins phased out as soon as possible due to ethical concerns.[44] Similar sentiments were made in March 2005 by British Labour MP Chris Mullin, who called for an immediate ban on bearskins stating that they "have no military significance and involve unnecessary cruelty."[45] In 2023, the European Commission's representative to Denmark launched a social media campaign advocating for the replacement of the bearskin caps used by the Danish Royal Life Guards with an artificial alternative, given the bear's protected status within the European Union.[46]

Animal rights group PETA has publicly voiced its opposition against the use of real bearskin since 2002,[38] and has held demonstrations against its use in the United Kingdom, including one at St Peter's Hill, near St Paul's Cathedral, in 2006.[47] In February 2011, Joss Stone appeared in a PETA advert targeting the British Ministry of Defence, showing the 23-year-old soul singer holding a teddy bear that covers her naked body, and features the slogan 'Bear Hugs, Not Bear Caps'.[48]

In January 2024, PETA launched a campaign against the use of real bearskin by the British and Canadian militaries and has called on both British and Canadian defence ministries to retire the headgear in favour of humane headgear sold by luxury faux furrier ECOPEL.[14] PETA's investigation has found that the raw materials used to make the headgear is sourced from hunters practicing bear-baiting in Canada, a "violent blood sport" that see bears "endure a slow, agonizingly painful deaths".[14] However, the manufacturer of bearskin caps for the Danish Royal Life Guards, which also acquires bearskins from Canadian hunters, claims that the culling of bears is necessary to regulate its population, and that the hunt is monitored by biologists and approved by the World Wildlife Fund.[22]

Similar headgear

Other furred caps

A busby is a military headdress made of fur that appears similar to a bearskin cap. Busbies are used by a variety of hussar and artillery units. Hussar regiments of the Royal Netherlands Army use busbies. Busbies are also used as the full-dress headgear for the British Army's Royal Horse Artillery and hussar regiments. Similarly, the Canadian Army uses the busby as its full-dress headgear for artillery, hussar and rifle regiments.[49] In addition to hussar and artillery regiments, the First Company of the First Company Governor's Foot Guard of the Connecticut State Militia also include a bearskin (known as a "busby") as a part of their ceremonial uniform.

A sealskin cap is another furred cap similar to the bearskin cap, that is worn by the British Army's Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.[50]

Pith helmet

Several units in the Thai King's Guard use a pith helmet with a heavy plume, resembling a bearskin cap.

A number of units within the King's Guard of the Royal Thai Armed Forces wear a pith helmet with heavy plumes, making it broadly resemble a bearskin cap. The pith helmets are used with the unit's ceremonial full dress uniform, for occasions including the Thai Royal Guards parade held every year in December, royal coronations, funerals, and anniversaries. The colours of the plumes vary from black to pink and blue, depending on the units of the wearers, similar to the uniform facings in the Commonwealth. The majority of the units entitled to wear these headdresses are from the Army and Air Force, with two Royal Thai Marine Corps battalions also maintaining this privilege. In addition, the Royal Security Command's two guards regiments wear the pith helmet with black plumes in their full dress.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The unit is authorised to use either the bearskin cap or a Wolseley helmet along with their full dress. Members typically wear the Wolseley helmet when in full dress.
  2. ↑ Despite using the term fusilier in its name, the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada is considered a Lowland Canadian-Scottish regiment.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wharton, James. "The Bearskin: Everything you need to know". www.forces.net. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Mouillard, Lucien: Les Régiments sous Louis XV, Paris 1882
  3. ↑ Military Uniforms of the World: Preben Kannil SBN 71370482 9
  4. ↑ British Military Uniforms From Contemporary Pictures: W.Y.Carman Hamlyn Publishing Group 1968
  5. ↑ "Uniforms of the World": Richard Knotel, ISBN 0-684-16304-7.
  6. ↑ "Soldier faints during trooping the colour rehearsal in London heatwave – video". the Guardian. 10 June 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  7. ↑ Mooallem, Jon (12 July 2023). "A Royal Soldier Fainted in the Heat. It Holds a Lesson for All of Us". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  8. ↑ "Check it out - Australian Army Band Melbourne - Training Command - Army". www.Defence.gov.au. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  9. ↑ http://www.rar.org.au/documents/3RARHistoryCom
  10. 1 2 World Uniforms in Colour volume 1 — The European Nations: Rinaldo D'Ami ISBN 0-85059-031-0
  11. ↑ "JOUW VRAAG. Wat doen de ruiters in ceremoniële militaire kleding aan het Koninklijk Paleis juist?". www.bruzz.be (in Dutch). Vlaams-Brusselse Media. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  12. ↑ Pages 24-25 "Les Soldats de Leopold Ist et Leopold II": Guy Derie/John Pacco. Published Paul Legrain Bruxelles.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Annex B Royal military colleges and infantry regiments". Canadian Armed Forces Dress Instruction. Government of Canada. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Rumpf-Whitten, Sarah (10 January 2024). "PETA launches campaign against bearskin hats worn by King's Guard in United Kingdom". www.foxnews.com. Fox News Network. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  15. ↑ "Officer, Royal 22e Régiment, 1930s". Canadian Military History Gateway. Government of Canada. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  16. ↑ "Private, 10th Regiment Royal Grenadiers, circa 1912". Canadian Military History Gateway. Government of Canada. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  17. ↑ GGFG – About Archived 7 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Canadian Army Bearskins - Maciej Swulinski". swulinski.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  19. ↑ Petersen, Karsten Skjold (2014). Kongens klæder – Hærens uniformer og udrustning i Danmark-Norge (in Danish) (1st ed.). Slovenia: Historika. p. 331. ISBN 9788793229006.
  20. ↑ Sütcü, Emrah; Kindtler-Nielsen, Bue (4 January 2024). "Hvorfor har Livgarden en stor bjørneskindshue på?". historienet.dk (in Danish). Bonnier Publications International.
  21. ↑ "Varmen får gardere til at lægge bjørneskindshuen fra sig". www.bt.dK (in Danish). Berlingske Media. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Sadelmager B.K. Rützou: Bjørneskindshuerne kommer fra Taastrup". hteforum.dk (in Danish). Høje-Taastrup Erhvervsforum. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  23. ↑ "Hvilken slags bjørne er livgardens bjørneskindshuer lavet af?". politiken.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  24. 1 2 "Army dress regulations all ranks" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. p. 21. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "Army dress regulations all ranks" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. p. 514. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  26. ↑ Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine: A Monthly Journal Devoted to All Subjects Connected with Her Majesty's Land and Sea Forces, Volumen8. W.H. Allen & Company. 1888. p. 316.
  27. ↑ Major R.M. Barnes, page 116 "Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd, London 1972
  28. ↑ Fisher, David (27 July 1989). The Grenadier Guards. p. 34. ISBN 0-85045-284-8.
  29. ↑ Stadden, Charles (1973). Coldstream Guards. p. 51. ISBN 0-85524-111-X.
  30. ↑ Carman, W.Y. (1985). Uniforms of the British Army. The Infantry Regiments. p. 29. ISBN 0-86350-031-5.
  31. ↑ "Britain Will Never Part with Bearskin Hats," Associated Press, 9 January 2008.
  32. ↑ Rachel Shields, "They're Changing Hats at Buckingham Palace To Save the Black Bear," The Independent 31 Aug. 2008.
  33. ↑ "People's Daily Online -- British Royal Guards criticised for wearing bearskin hats on Queen's Birthday". people.com.cn. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  34. ↑ "Measuring Worth - Measures of worth, inflation rates, saving calculator, relative value, worth of a dollar, worth of a pound, purchasing power, gold prices, GDP, history of wages, average wage". measuringworth.org. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  35. ↑ "Measuring Worth - Relative Value of UK Pounds". Archived from the original on 12 November 2006.
  36. ↑ "Bearskin hats in danger" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 August 1888. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  37. ↑ "PETA roars over U.K. army's hats - World news - Weird news - NBC News". NBC News. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 "PETA mounts legal action against MoD over fur used for King's Guards' bearskin caps". news.sky.com. Sky UK. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  39. ↑ "Music, Ceremonies and Accessions" (PDF). static.e-publishing.af.mil. Department of the Air Force. 12 August 2014. p. 31. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  40. 1 2 "The Army Drum Major" (PDF). rmypubs.army.mil. Headquarters, Department of the Army. September 2023. p. 12. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  41. ↑ "History of the Drum Majors". www.marineband.marines.mil. Defense Media Activity. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  42. ↑ "U.S. Coast Guard Master Chief Jonathan Towne [Image 13 of 14]". www.dvidshub.net. U.S. Department of Defense. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  43. ↑ "Special Uniform Situations". www.mynavyhr.navy.mil. U.S. Navy. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  44. ↑ Buckingham guards' bearskins face their Waterloo Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ Call to ban British royal guards from wearing bearskin hats gains support
  46. ↑ Terney, Susanne Ingemann (12 January 2023). "Kampagne leger med fordomme: EU vil afskaffe bjørneskindshuen". markedsforing.dk (in Danish). Dansk Markedsføring. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  47. ↑ "BBC News - UK - England - Naked demo against bearskin hats". News.BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 21 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  48. ↑ Joss Stone goes nude for a PETA campaign against the use of bear fur for military hats
  49. ↑ "Annex A Armoured regiments". Canadian Armed Forces Dress Instruction. Government of Canada. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  50. ↑ A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman ISBN 0-684-15130-8

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