Arutane–Sape
Kalianan
(defunct?)
Geographic
distribution
Brazil–Venezuela border
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone
Documented location of Arutani–Sapé languages, the two most southern spots are Arutani villages, the northern one is Sapé location.

Arutani–Sape, also known as Awake–Kaliana or Kalianan, is a proposed language family[1] that includes two of the most poorly documented languages in South America, both of which are now extinct. They are at best only distantly related. Kaufman (1990) found a connection convincing, but Migliazza & Campbell (1988) maintained that there is no evidence for linking them.[2] The two languages are,

  • Arutani[3] (also known as Aoaqui, Auake, Auaque, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutani)
  • Sape[4] (also known as Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliana, Kariana)

Kaufman (1990) states that a further connection with Máku (Maku of Roraima/Auari) is "promising". (See Macro-Puinavean languages.)

Vocabulary

Migliazza (1978)

Migliazza (1978) gives the following Swadesh list table for Uruak, Sape, and Máku ("Maku"):[5]

no.glossUruakSapeMáku
1Imaykate/ma-/tsa-teːne
2thoukaykate/ka-kapɨeːne
3wemateryamɨyonoteːkene
4thiskiʔatɨsaki
5thataytatɨsamikwa
6whomaʔayokəpantetoči
7whatmayapementečini
8notãʔãyatsam/ɨkalaʔa
9allkitatekawenpeʔtaka
10manykaʔtyawkaweneːsuʔu
11onekyoana/kyanokokanokuðamu
12twokomanakɨryabaʔta
13bigkwayakonənbote
14longšawikaryakaxi
15smallsikipitokudi
16womankarikapayneːlabə
17manmaʔkyakwalaːsəba
18personkinakamondzoʔkude
19fishkotommeʔkəsa
20birdyopsačamiːduba
21dogtoaritodzoʔwi
22lousekoʔkačoiːne
23treešapitapaoːba
24seedkukakuküːte
25leafañamuyradeːmu
26rootašatuleːmekeči
27barkkõhãkui/kuyčiːmu
28skinkõhãkuyčːmu
29fleshmitsamɨanmuči
30bloodkañatsomleːme
31bonemowinaaːmu
32greasewiñayakuneːkünü
33eggkokamakupiküʔte
34hornširipyawinaeːkatso
35tailmašyaupineːto
36featherošaičam upakuːte
37hairošapakuːte
38headkwatemoynakukeːte
39earwatikaawičikaʔte
40eyekohapamkusukute
41nosewa/kwaaykupi
42mouthmaʔaituwɨːči
43toothkapɨkawuːmu
44tonguetakõhãmatuduːte
45clawšoptiičam aypasukuči
46footšateikorabasuku
47kneekorokopsamɨneybasəkate
48handmaša/mamapiča apasuku
49bellytsyatukuysɨkɨči
50neckšoropañapokoylipite
51breastskotsawičüčü
52heartkirakotepokowisəbuku
53liverikamapiiːsa
54drinkoyta/aytapemi
55eatpa/kapako/kuki
56bitepsa/pasapu
57seekinamowku
58hearkomanne
59knowkinamownimi
60sleepanəpaku/kuwe
61dieataysiyakinə
62killrio (beat)kayašipinu
63swimšalawa
64flyšankaru
65walkmaparute
66comemanamana
67lie downkio/taapɨreða
68sitnakamayesɨkɨ
69standkarapakəy
70givematsoemeymase
71saymataka/tsamamošini/šibu
72sunušiñamkeʔle
73moonaʔtaptapoya
74starokihatñayinoðaoku
75waterakohãnamnaʔme
76rainakohãnam posoenaʔme
77stonemukatakuypaliːne
78sandiñãkosainokulunükü
79earthiñãinokučinboʔte
80cloudkarapasousəynasapənawi
81smokešanayuičipe
82fireanišokonühẽ
83ashšonitukutumeːte
84burnasipašokowe/niʔ
85pathaʔmamuiːkilu
86mountainpiʔatakwawiːke
87redaraʔwiayñaleme
88greenatehešanuruanüčü
89yellowpišiopusiakaləmadə
90whitearawaysaekaləmate
91blacksipan/sosontsaiñakabi/weʔči
92nighttoseuseynaiːkisu
93hotkuriɨrɨawe
94coldroma/kimaunkoyaantsu/mihu
95fulltopiukwasuku
96newkomayenkoñaasi
97goodtaseriamayñakoakuduma/eːdi
98roundsiarinačinkuməsa
99dryšonapatokwakaːte
100namerawimaruaentse

See also

Notes

  1. Weinstein, Jay A. (2005-02-28). Social and Cultural Change: Social Science for a Dynamic World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. ISBN 0-7425-2573-2.
  2. Ernest Migliazza & Lyle Campbell, 1988. Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América
  3. Moseley, Christopher (2007-04-23). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  4. Moseley, Christopher (2007-04-23). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  5. Migliazza, Ernesto C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak Languages: Current Status and Basic Lexicon. Anthropological Linguistics 20: 133-140.

References

  • Hammarström, Harald. 2010. 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183

Further reading

  • Armellada, Cesareo de & Baltasar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración del Paragua. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 8, 61-110.
  • Coppens, Walter. 2008 [1983]. Los Uruak (Arutani). In Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) Los aborígenes de Venezuela, 2nd edition, Volume 2, 705-737. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología.
  • Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio, Thiago Chacon & Francia Medina. 2020. Arutani (Venezuela and Brazil) – Language Snapshot. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description 17, 170-177. London: EL Publishing.
  • Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada & Francia Medina (2019). Sapé (Venezuela) — Language Snapshot. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description, vol 16. London: EL Publishing. pp. 169-175.
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