2023 Spanish local elections

28 May 2023

All 67,031 councillors in 8,131 municipal councils
All 1,038 seats in 38 provincial deputations
Opinion polls
Turnout22,704,374 (63.9%)
1.3 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo Pedro Sánchez Santiago Abascal
Party PP PSOE Vox
Leader since 2 April 2022 18 June 2017 20 September 2014
Last election 20,382 c., 22.7%
358 p. seats
22,353 c., 29.4%
449 p. seats
547 c., 3.7%
10 p. seats
Popular vote 7,054,887 6,291,612 1,608,401
Percentage 31.5% 28.1% 7.2%
Swing 8.8 pp 1.3 pp 3.5 pp
Councillors 23,412 20,784 1,695
Councillors +/– 3,030 1,569 1,148

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Ione Belarra Laura Borràs Oriol Junqueras
Party Unidas Podemos JxCat ERC
Leader since 13 June 2021 4 June 2022 17 September 2011
Last election 2,617 c., 8.7%
40 p. seats
2,804 c., 2.5%
35 p. seats
3,125 c., 3.6%
47 p. seats
Popular vote 1,456,886 552,721 524,772
Percentage 6.7% 2.5% 2.3%
Swing 2.0 pp 0.0pp 1.3 pp
Councillors 1,995 2,683 2,903
Councillors +/– 622 121 222

The 2023 Spanish local elections were held on Sunday, 28 May 2023, to elect all 67,031 councillors in the municipalities of Spain and all 1,038 seats in 38 provincial deputations. The elections were held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve autonomous communities, as well as local elections in the three foral deputations of the Basque Country, the four island councils in the Balearic Islands and the seven island cabildos in the Canary Islands.

The elections took place following a period of instability dominated by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The People's Party (PP) emerged as the first force and, despite winning the popular vote to the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) by just three percentage points, was able to flip the control of a large number of major cities. This outcome prompted Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez to call a snap general election.

Electoral system

Municipal elections

Municipalities in Spain are local corporations with independent legal personality. They have a governing body, the municipal council or corporation, composed of the mayor, the government council and the elected plenary assembly.[1] Elections to the local councils in Spain are fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years.[2]

Voting for the local assemblies is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over 18 years of age, registered and residing in the corresponding municipality and in full enjoyment of their political rights, as well as resident non-national European citizens and those whose country of origin allows Spanish nationals to vote in their own elections by virtue of a treaty. Local councillors are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each local council. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Councillors are allocated to municipal councils based on the following scale:

Population Councillors
<100 3
100–250 5
251–1,000 7
1,001–2,000 9
2,001–5,000 11
5,001–10,000 13
10,001–20,000 17
20,001–50,000 21
50,001–100,000 25
>100,001 +1 per each 100,000 inhabitants or fraction
+1 if total is an even number

Councillors of municipalities with populations below 250 inhabitants are elected under an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties: for up to four candidates in municipalities with populations between 100 and 250 inhabitants; and for up to two candidates in municipalities below 100. This does not apply to municipalities which, as a result of their geographical location or the convenience of a better management of municipal interests or other circumstances, make it advisable to be organized through the open council system (Spanish: régimen de concejo abierto), in which voters will directly elect the local mayor.[1][2]

The mayor is indirectly elected by the plenary assembly. A legal clause requires that mayoral candidates earn the vote of an absolute majority of councillors, or else the candidate of the most-voted party in the assembly shall be automatically appointed to the post. In the event of a tie, a toss-up will determine the appointee.

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of a determined amount of the electors registered in the municipality for which they seek election:

  • At least one percent of the electors in municipalities with a population below 5,000 inhabitants, provided that the number of signers is more than double that of councillors at stake.
  • At least 100 signatures in municipalities with a population between 5,001 and 10,000.
  • At least 500 signatures in municipalities with a population between 10,001 and 50,000.
  • At least 1,500 signatures in municipalities with a population between 50,001 and 150,000.
  • At least 3,000 signatures in municipalities with a population between 150,001 and 300,000.
  • At least 5,000 signatures in municipalities with a population between 300,001 and 1,000,000.
  • At least 8,000 signatures in municipalities with a population over 1,000,001.

Electors are disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.[2]

Deputations and island councils

Provincial deputations are the governing bodies of provinces in Spain, having an administration role of municipal activities and composed of a provincial president, an administrative body, and a plenary. Basque provinces have foral deputations instead—called Juntas Generales—, whereas deputations for single-province autonomous communities were abolished and their functions transferred to the corresponding regional parliaments in 1982–1983. For insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, deputations are replaced by island councils in each of the islands or group of islands. For Majorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera this figure is referred to in Spanish as consejo insular (Catalan: consell insular), whereas for Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma its name is cabildo insular.

Most deputations are indirectly elected by local councillors from municipalities in each judicial district. Seats are allocated to provincial deputations based on the following scale:

Population Seats
<500,000 25
500,001–1,000,000 27
1,000,001–3,500,000 31
>3,500,001 51

Island councils and foral deputations are elected directly by electors under their own, specific electoral regulations.[2]

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « Vota lo que piensas » "Vote for what you think" [3]
PP « Entre todos » "Between everyone" [4]
Cs « Libérate » "Free yourself" [5]
Unidas Podemos « Valentía para transformar » "Courage to transform" [6]
Vox « Vota seguro » "Vote safely" [7]

Alleged vote-buying

During the month of May 2023, amidst the local elections campaign in Spain, numerous instances of vote-buying came to light in various municipalities across the country. These incidents implicated a wide range of political parties, including among others the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), the People's Party (PP) and Coalition for Melilla (CpM). Despite the scandal starting in Melilla, it later expanded to other municipalities in the south of Spain.[8][9]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands use WET (UTC+0) instead):[2]

  • 3 April: The election decree will be issued with the countersign of the Prime Minister, ratified by the King.
  • 4 April: Publication of the election decree in the Official State Gazette (BOE) and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
  • 7 April: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
  • 14 April: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
  • 24 April: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
  • 26 April: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the BOE.
  • 29 April: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
  • 30 April: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
  • 1 May: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
  • 2 May: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
  • 12 May: Official start of electoral campaigning.
  • 18 May: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
  • 23 May: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
  • 24 May: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes.
  • 26 May: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division.
  • 27 May: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
  • 28 May: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.

Opinion polls

Results

City control

The following table lists party control in provincial capitals, as well as in municipalities with a population above or around 75,000. Gains for a party are highlighted in that party's colour.

Municipality Population Previous control New control
A Coruña 244,700 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Albacete 172,357 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Alcalá de Guadaíra 75,917 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Alcalá de Henares 196,888 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Alcobendas 117,041 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Alcorcón 170,296 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Algeciras 122,368 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Alicante 338,577 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Almería 199,237 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Arona 82,982 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Ávila 57,730 For Ávila (XAV) For Ávila (XAV)
Avilés 75,877 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Badajoz 150,146 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS) People's Party (PP)
Badalona 223,506 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Barakaldo 100,535 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
Barcelona 1,636,193 Barcelona in Common (BComú) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Bilbao 344,127 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
Burgos 173,483 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Cáceres 95,456 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Cádiz 113,066 Forward Andalusia (Adelante) People's Party (PP)
Cartagena 216,961 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Castellón de la Plana 171,857 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Ceuta 83,117 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Chiclana de la Frontera 87,493 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Ciudad Real 74,850 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS) People's Party (PP)
Córdoba 319,515 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Cornellà de Llobregat 89,039 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Coslada 80,596 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Cuenca 53,389 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Donostia-San Sebastián 187,849 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
Dos Hermanas 137,561 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
El Ejido 87,500 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
El Puerto de Santa María 89,435 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Elche 235,580 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Fuengirola 83,226 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Fuenlabrada 189,891 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Gandía 75,911 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Getafe 183,218 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Getxo 76,365 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
Gijón 267,706 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Asturias Forum (Foro)
Girona 102,666 Together for Catalonia (JxCat) Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP)
Granada 228,682 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Guadalajara 87,452 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Huelva 141,854 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Huesca 53,305 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Jaén 111,669 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Jerez de la Frontera 212,730 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 265,444 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 378,797 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Las Rozas de Madrid 95,725 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Leganés 186,660 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
León 120,951 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Lleida 140,797 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Logroño 150,020 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Lorca 97,151 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Lugo 97,211 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Madrid 3,280,782 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Málaga 579,076 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Manresa 77,459 Together for Catalonia (JxCat) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Marbella 150,725 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Mataró 128,956 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Melilla 85,170 Independent (INDEP)[lower-alpha 1] People's Party (PP)
Mijas 89,502 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (PP in 2023)
Móstoles 208,761 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Murcia 462,979 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Orihuela 80,784 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Ourense 103,756 Ourensan Democracy (DO) Ourensan Democracy (DO)
Oviedo 215,167 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Palencia 76,302 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Palma de Mallorca 415,940 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Pamplona 203,418 Navarrese People's Union (UPN) Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (EH Bildu in 2023)
Parla 130,577 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Pontevedra 82,828 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)
Pozuelo de Alarcón 87,728 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Reus 106,741 Together for Catalonia (JxCat) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Rivas-Vaciamadrid 96,690 United Left (IU) United Left (IU)
Roquetas de Mar 102,881 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Rubí 79,007 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Sabadell 215,760 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Salamanca 142,412 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
San Cristóbal de La Laguna 157,815 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
San Fernando 94,120 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
San Sebastián de los Reyes 91,083 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Sant Boi de Llobregat 83,371 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Sant Cugat del Vallès 95,725 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Together for Catalonia (JxCat)
Santa Coloma de Gramenet 117,981 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 208,688 Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa) Canarian Coalition (CCa)
Santander 171,693 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Santiago de Compostela 98,179 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)
Segovia 50,802 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Seville 681,998 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Soria 39,450 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Talavera de la Reina 83,247 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Tarragona 134,883 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Telde 102,472 New Canaries (NCa) Citizens for Canarian Change (CIUCA)
Terrassa 224,114 All for Terrassa (TxT) All for Terrassa (TxT)
Teruel 35,900 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Toledo 85,085 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Torrejón de Ardoz 134,733 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Torrent 85,142 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Torrevieja 83,547 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Valencia 792,492 Commitment Coalition (Compromís) People's Party (PP)
Valladolid 295,639 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Vélez-Málaga 83,899 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Vigo 292,374 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Vitoria-Gasteiz 253,672 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Zamora 59,475 United Left (IU) United Left (IU)
Zaragoza 673,010 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)

Deputation control

The following table lists party control in provincial deputations. Gains for a party are highlighted in that party's colour.

Province Population Current control New control
A Coruña 1,119,180 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Albacete 385,727 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Alicante 1,901,594 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Almería 740,534 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Ávila 158,140 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Badajoz 666,971 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Barcelona 5,727,615 Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE)
Burgos 355,045 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Cáceres 387,805 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Cádiz 1,246,781 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Castellón 590,616 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Ciudad Real 490,806 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Córdoba 772,464 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Cuenca 195,215 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Girona 793,478 Together for Catalonia (JxCat) Together for Catalonia (JxCat)
Granada 921,987 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Guadalajara 268,127 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Huelva 528,763 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Huesca 225,456 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Jaén 623,761 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
León 448,179 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Lleida 441,443 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Lugo 323,989 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Málaga 1,717,504 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Ourense 304,280 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Palencia 158,008 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Pontevedra 943,015 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Salamanca 325,898 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Segovia 153,803 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Seville 1,948,393 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
Soria 88,377 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Tarragona 830,075 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Teruel 134,421 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Toledo 713,453 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Valencia 2,605,757 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) People's Party (PP)
Valladolid 517,975 People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP)
Zamora 167,215 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS) People's Party (PP)
Zaragoza 966,438 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)

Aftermath

As the smaller of the two parties, Vox Party formed local governments with the People's Party PP in cities such as Elche, Toledo, Valladolid, Guadalajara and Burgos.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. Ex-CS.

References

  1. 1 2 "Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local". Law No. 7 of 2 April 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 July 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 October 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. "'PSOE centra su spot de campaña en pensiones, igualdad y jóvenes con un rap y bajo el lema 'vota lo que piensas'". Europa Press (in Spanish). 12 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  4. "Entre todos, un programa para ti" (PDF). PP (in Spanish). 2 February 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  5. "Ciudadanos lanza su campaña 'Libérate'". Ciudadanos (in Spanish). 15 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  6. "'Valentía para transformar', lema de Podemos para los comicios del 28M". Europa Press (in Spanish). 1 April 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  7. "Vox se presenta como el voto "seguro"". Europa Press (in Spanish). 11 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  8. "Spain rocked by vote-buying scheme ahead of local elections". Madrid/Melilla. EFE. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  9. Velasco, Marina (25 May 2023). "Todos los intentos de fraude electoral (y los bulos) que enfangan esta campaña". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  10. "PP y Vox cierran acuerdos en Toledo, Guadalajara, Burgos, Elche, Valladolid y otros nueve ayuntamientos" (in Spanish). RTVE. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
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